Exam 5: Learning

In the experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was __________.

Wearing sunglasses ALL THE TIME because people tell you they make you look "irresistible" is an example of which of the types of punishment and reinforcement?

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

The presentation of an aversive stimulus following a particular operant response is called __________.

On a fixed interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the __________.

In Pavlov's original experiment of classical conditioning, dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a metronome when the metronome was repeatedly paired with the presentation of food. The food is referred to as the unconditioned response.

Every time Jhumpa goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning BEST describes the dog's behavior?

Grace had tartar sauce with her fish one night. The next morning she was nauseated and sick for much of the day. The next time she was offered the chance to go out for fish, she felt queasy and declined. Her queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce was probably due to __________.

In what ways might higher-order conditioning explain why some words trigger emotional responses in us? (a) Give an example of a positive response that could be formed through higher-order conditioning. (b) Give an example of a negative response that could be formed through higher-order conditioning. (c) In what ways might higher-order conditioning contribute to racism and prejudice?

Using continuous reinforcement is the BEST way to prevent a response from becoming extinguished.

When Maya opens the closet door to get some dog food, her dog salivates. What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

Which of the following is an example of conditioned taste aversions?

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that normally evokes an automatic response even without new learning is called the __________ stimulus.

From where do secondary reinforcers get their power?

A child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If the child does not show fear when shown a black rat, this is called __________.

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Freddie has just recently delighted his parents because he learned to call his father "daddy." However, it has now become an embarrassment to his mother when she takes Freddie out with her because he keeps calling other men "daddy." This is an example of __________.

Kameko wanted to teach her dog how to roll over. She tried giving him instructions, but it didn't work. She tried waiting for him to roll over so she could reinforce the behavior, but she had to go to bed before the dog rolled. Finally, she began reinforcing the dog when he made behaviors that closely resembled rolling over. At last, using __________, she was able to teach the dog to do the trick.

Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate?

__________ classical conditioning, operant conditioning requires the organism to voluntarily produce the __________.