Exam 5: Learning

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called __________.

Which of the following criteria helps to increase the effectiveness of punishment?

When a stimulus is taken away from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as __________.

The "aha!" moment that indicates insight learning was first hypothesized by Tolman.

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12, indicating that it is noontime. This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast. In this example, the conditioned response is the __________.

In Bandura's study with the Bobo doll, the children in the group who saw the model punished did not imitate the model at first. They would only imitate the model if given a reward for doing so. The fact that these children had obviously learned the behavior without actually performing it is an example of __________.

Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called __________.

Stimulus generalization occurs __________.

Give an example of latent learning that you might see in your own life.

A conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the paired presentation of the UCS. After time, the subject no longer makes the conditioned response. This fading of the CR is known as habituation.

Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a metronome sound that was paired with a meat stimulus. After the CS-UCS connection was strongly established, Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the metronome sound. After a few days, when the light flashes were presented by themselves, the dog salivated. This is an example of __________.

Of the following phenomena, which one best explains the spreading of phobias to objects similar to the one to which the phobia was originally acquired?

The __________ schedule of reinforcement reinforces the first correct response after a constant interval of time has elapsed.

__________ is a type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear.

The law of effect was proposed by __________.

What is the law of effect and who was responsible for its conceptualization?

The person most closely associated with research on learned helplessness is __________.

Ava's parents want her to put her books in her bookcase. At first, they praise her for putting the books together in one pile. Then they praise her for getting the books on the same side of the room as the bookcase. When she gets the books on top of the bookcase, she gets praise. Finally, her parents praise her when she puts her books in the bookcase. This is an example of __________.

List three potential problem outcomes of misusing punishment with children.

Research by Steven Maier suggests that learned helplessness may be due to a higher-level region of the brain known as the __________, which helps subjects determine what is controllable.