Question 1

A significant reduction in the amount of which gas would allow more ultraviolet radiation to reach Earth's surface?

Accepted Answer

A)  oxygen 
B)  methane 
C)  ozone 
D)  cyanide 
E)  carbon dioxide 
A)  oxygen 
B)  methane 
C)  ozone 
D)  cyanide 
E)  carbon dioxide

Question 2

What kind of organisms likely perished due to the increase of oxygen in the atmosphere three billion years ago?

Accepted Answer

A)  heterotrophs 
B)  cyanobacteria 
C)  obligate aerobes 
D)  obligate anaerobes 
E)  facultative anaerobes 
A)  heterotrophs 
B)  cyanobacteria 
C)  obligate aerobes 
D)  obligate anaerobes 
E)  facultative anaerobes

Question 3

Charles Darwin called choosing a mate based on its color or some other characteristic:

Accepted Answer

A)  sexual selection. 
B)  gamete selection. 
C)  sexual orientation. 
D)  gametic preference. 
E)  postzygotic selection. 
A)  sexual selection. 
B)  gamete selection. 
C)  sexual orientation. 
D)  gametic preference. 
E)  postzygotic selection.

Question 4

Two mammals, a sheep and a goat, produce offspring. Only the F 1 and F 2 generations produce fertile offspring. This occurs as a result of:

Accepted Answer

A)  mutation. 
B)  hybrid sterility. 
C)  microevolution. 
D)  hybrid inviability. 
E)  hybrid breakdown. 
A)  mutation. 
B)  hybrid sterility. 
C)  microevolution. 
D)  hybrid inviability. 
E)  hybrid breakdown.

Question 5

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA and translational components.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The first cells were most likely heterotrophic anaerobes because:

Accepted Answer

A)  they were dependent upon cyanobacteria for oxygen. 
B)  they manufactured organic molecules and needed oxygen. 
C)  they manufactured organic molecules and do not need oxygen. 
D)  they utilized preformed organic molecules and needed oxygen. 
E)  they utilized preformed organic molecules and did not need oxygen. 
A)  they were dependent upon cyanobacteria for oxygen. 
B)  they manufactured organic molecules and needed oxygen. 
C)  they manufactured organic molecules and do not need oxygen. 
D)  they utilized preformed organic molecules and needed oxygen. 
E)  they utilized preformed organic molecules and did not need oxygen.

Question 7

During the process of splitting water during photosynthesis, the first cyanobacteria released _____ into the atmosphere.

Accepted Answer

A)  oxygen gas 
B)  infrared heat 
C)  hydrogen gas 
D)  carbon dioxide 
E)  photons of light 
A)  oxygen gas 
B)  infrared heat 
C)  hydrogen gas 
D)  carbon dioxide 
E)  photons of light

Question 8

What is the approximate age of Earth?

Accepted Answer

A)  4.6 million years 
B)  500 million years 
C)  2.7 billion years 
D)  3.6 billion years 
E)  4.6 billion years 
A)  4.6 million years 
B)  500 million years 
C)  2.7 billion years 
D)  3.6 billion years 
E)  4.6 billion years

Question 9

Which hypothesis suggests that organic molecules formed near Earth's surface in pools of water?

Accepted Answer

A)  clay hypothesis 
B)  iron-clay hypothesis 
C)  organic broth hypothesis 
D)  prebiotic soup hypothesis 
E)  iron-sulfur world hypothesis 
A)  clay hypothesis 
B)  iron-clay hypothesis 
C)  organic broth hypothesis 
D)  prebiotic soup hypothesis 
E)  iron-sulfur world hypothesis

Question 10

Briefly explain the iron-sulfur world hypothesis and identify two pieces of evidence that support this hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

The iron sulfide hypothesis states that

Question 11

During the __________ epoch, the mammals experienced an explosive adaptive radiation.

Accepted Answer

A)  Holocene 
B)  Paleocene 
C)  Pleistocene 
D)  Eocene 
E)  Pliocene 
A)  Holocene 
B)  Paleocene 
C)  Pleistocene 
D)  Eocene 
E)  Pliocene

Question 12

One of the most significant steps in the evolution of true cells from macromolecular assemblages was the evolution of:

Accepted Answer

A)  electronegativity. 
B)  covalent bonding. 
C)  hydrogen bonding. 
D)  valence electrons. 
E)  molecular reproduction. 
A)  electronegativity. 
B)  covalent bonding. 
C)  hydrogen bonding. 
D)  valence electrons. 
E)  molecular reproduction.

Question 13

Species whose ranges overlap, but do not interbreed because they are found in different environments or areas within the range, are said to exhibit:

Accepted Answer

A)  habitat isolation. 
B)  temporal isolation. 
C)  biological isolation. 
D)  evolutionary isolation. 
E)  environmental isolation. 
A)  habitat isolation. 
B)  temporal isolation. 
C)  biological isolation. 
D)  evolutionary isolation. 
E)  environmental isolation.

Question 14

The continued geographic isolation of Kaibab squirrels from Abert squirrels has allowed the animals to evolve into two distinct subspecies. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  hybridization. 
B)  allopolyploidy. 
C)  adaptive radiation. 
D)  allopatric speciation. 
E)  sympatric speciation. 
A)  hybridization. 
B)  allopolyploidy. 
C)  adaptive radiation. 
D)  allopatric speciation. 
E)  sympatric speciation.

Question 15

The mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period was likely the result of:

Accepted Answer

A)  rising seawater. 
B)  loss of vegetation. 
C)  extreme predation. 
D)  a dramatic change in climate. 
E)  the appearance of new competitors. 
A)  rising seawater. 
B)  loss of vegetation. 
C)  extreme predation. 
D)  a dramatic change in climate. 
E)  the appearance of new competitors.

Question 16

An adult axolotl salamander ( Ambystoma mexicanum ) retains the juvenile characteristics of external gills and a tail fin. This is an example of what mechanism?

Accepted Answer

A)  allometry 
B)  hybridization 
C)  preadaptation 
D)  paedomorphosis 
E)  adaptive radiation 
A)  allometry 
B)  hybridization 
C)  preadaptation 
D)  paedomorphosis 
E)  adaptive radiation

Question 17

The biological species concept declares an organism to be a separate species if it has undergone evolution long enough for the emergence of statistically unique traits. 
_____________

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Wings on insects, flowers on plants, and feathers on birds are all examples of variations of some pre-existing structures, otherwise known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  preadaptations. 
B)  allopolyploidy. 
C)  paedomorphosis. 
D)  allometric growth. 
E)  punctuated equilibrium. 
A)  preadaptations. 
B)  allopolyploidy. 
C)  paedomorphosis. 
D)  allometric growth. 
E)  punctuated equilibrium.

Question 19

When the reproductive cells of different species are incompatible and cannot accomplish fertilization, it is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  hybrid sterility. 
B)  gametic isolation. 
C)  gametic breakdown. 
D)  temporal isolation. 
E)  behavioral isolation. 
A)  hybrid sterility. 
B)  gametic isolation. 
C)  gametic breakdown. 
D)  temporal isolation. 
E)  behavioral isolation.

Question 20

Hybrid zones are typically ____, presumably because the hybrid organisms are not well adapted for either parental environment.

Accepted Answer

A)  rare 
B)  narrow 
C)  expansive 
D)  experimental 
E)  restricted to few biomes 
A)  rare 
B)  narrow 
C)  expansive 
D)  experimental 
E)  restricted to few biomes

Exam 20: Speciation and Macroevolution

A significant reduction in the amount of which gas would allow more ultraviolet radiation to reach Earth's surface?

What kind of organisms likely perished due to the increase of oxygen in the atmosphere three billion years ago?

Charles Darwin called choosing a mate based on its color or some other characteristic:

Two mammals, a sheep and a goat, produce offspring. Only the F 1 and F 2 generations produce fertile offspring. This occurs as a result of:

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA and translational components.

The first cells were most likely heterotrophic anaerobes because:

During the process of splitting water during photosynthesis, the first cyanobacteria released _____ into the atmosphere.

What is the approximate age of Earth?

Which hypothesis suggests that organic molecules formed near Earth's surface in pools of water?

Briefly explain the iron-sulfur world hypothesis and identify two pieces of evidence that support this hypothesis.

During the __________ epoch, the mammals experienced an explosive adaptive radiation.

One of the most significant steps in the evolution of true cells from macromolecular assemblages was the evolution of:

Species whose ranges overlap, but do not interbreed because they are found in different environments or areas within the range, are said to exhibit:

The continued geographic isolation of Kaibab squirrels from Abert squirrels has allowed the animals to evolve into two distinct subspecies. This is an example of:

The mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period was likely the result of:

An adult axolotl salamander ( Ambystoma mexicanum ) retains the juvenile characteristics of external gills and a tail fin. This is an example of what mechanism?

The biological species concept declares an organism to be a separate species if it has undergone evolution long enough for the emergence of statistically unique traits. _____________

Wings on insects, flowers on plants, and feathers on birds are all examples of variations of some pre-existing structures, otherwise known as:

When the reproductive cells of different species are incompatible and cannot accomplish fertilization, it is referred to as:

Hybrid zones are typically ____, presumably because the hybrid organisms are not well adapted for either parental environment.

A View of Life

Atoms and Molecules the Chemical Basis of Life

The Chemistry of Life Organic Compounds

Organization of the Cell

Biological Membranes

Cell Communication

Energy and Metabolism

How Cells Make Atp Energy-Releasing Pathways

Photosynthesis Capturing Light Energy

Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis

The Basic Principles of Heredity

Dna the Carrier of Genetic Information

Gene Expression

Gene Regulation

Dna Technology and Genomics

Human Genetics and the Human Genome

Developmental Genetics

Introduction to Darwinian Evolution

Evolutionary Change in Populations

The Origin and Evolutionary History of Life

The Evolution of Primates

Understanding Diversity Systematics

Viruses and Subviral Agents

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Seedless Plants

Seed Plants

The Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Sponges, Cnidarians, Ctenophores, and Protostomes

The Deuterostomes

Plant Structure Growth and Development

Leaf Structure and Function

Stem Structure and Transport

Roots and Mineral Nutrition

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Developmental Responses to External and Internal Signals

Animal Structure and Function an Introduction

Protection Support and Movement

Neural Signaling

Neural Regulation

Sensory Systems

Internal Transport

The Immune System Internal Defense

Gas Exchange

Processing Food and Nutrition

Osmoregulation and Disposal of Metabolic Wastes

Endocrine Regulation

Reproduction

Animal Development

Animal Behavior

Introduction to Ecology Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and the Biosphere

Ecology and the Geography of Life

Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology

Filters

Two mammals, a sheep and a goat, produce offspring. Only the F ₁ and F ₂ generations produce fertile offspring. This occurs as a result of: