Question 1

Alzheimer disease has been shown to be related to ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) alcoholic fermentation in the brain 
B) lactate fermentation in the brain 
C) increased brain metabolism 
D) decreased brain metabolism 
E) increased mitochondrial enzyme activity 
A) alcoholic fermentation in the brain 
B) lactate fermentation in the brain 
C) increased brain metabolism 
D) decreased brain metabolism 
E) increased mitochondrial enzyme activity D

Question 2

What is the proton-motive force? ​

Accepted Answer

A) the force needed to move protons into the inner mitochondrial space 
B) the amount of energy required to protonate a glucose molecule 
C) the free energy associated with the removal of hydrogen from NADH 
D) the combination of a proton and voltage gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane 
E) the synthesis of ATP from a proton gradient 
A) the force needed to move protons into the inner mitochondrial space 
B) the amount of energy required to protonate a glucose molecule 
C) the free energy associated with the removal of hydrogen from NADH 
D) the combination of a proton and voltage gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane 
E) the synthesis of ATP from a proton gradient D

Question 3

As a result of fermentation, cells produce ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) ADP 
B) NADH 
C) FAD 
D) O2 
E) NAD+ 
A) ADP 
B) NADH 
C) FAD 
D) O2 
E) NAD+ E

Question 4

What is the fate of CoA after it delivers an acetyl group into the citric acid cycle? ​

Accepted Answer

A) It is degraded and used for energy. 
B) It is recharged with another acetate. 
C) It is used in protein synthesis. 
D) It remains in an inactive form until the cell dies. 
E) It is reused to start glycolysis. 
A) It is degraded and used for energy. 
B) It is recharged with another acetate. 
C) It is used in protein synthesis. 
D) It remains in an inactive form until the cell dies. 
E) It is reused to start glycolysis.

Question 5

What powers ATP synthase directly? ​

Accepted Answer

A) electron transfer 
B) NADH and FADH2 
C) carbohydrate metabolism 
D) the proton gradient ​ 
E) protein complexes 
A) electron transfer 
B) NADH and FADH2 
C) carbohydrate metabolism 
D) the proton gradient ​ 
E) protein complexes

Question 6

To reach the mitochondrial matrix, protons travel through a channel made by the ____ of ATP synthase. ​

Accepted Answer

A) basal unit 
B) headpiece 
C) stalk 
D) lollipop 
E) three catalytic sites 
A) basal unit 
B) headpiece 
C) stalk 
D) lollipop 
E) three catalytic sites

Question 7

Suppose we hypothesize that potato plants use uncoupling proteins (UCPs)in a similar way as mammals. What would be the evidence to support this hypothesis? ​

Accepted Answer

A) increased amounts of ATP production 
B) decreased sugar metabolism 
C) increased internal tissue temperature 
D) decreased mitochondrial catabolism 
E) increased cytosolic pH 
A) increased amounts of ATP production 
B) decreased sugar metabolism 
C) increased internal tissue temperature 
D) decreased mitochondrial catabolism 
E) increased cytosolic pH

Question 8

Match between columns
                        Premises: acetyl-coA, COS1U1B12 ,S1U1B0 NADH, and HS1U1P1+S1S1P0

Accepted Answer

The Answer of the citric acid cycle and fermentation and is...

Question 9

During which stages of cellular respiration is CO2 released? ​

Accepted Answer

A) glycolysis 
B) pyruvate oxidation 
C) citric acid cycle 
D) electron transport system 
E) both pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle 
A) glycolysis 
B) pyruvate oxidation 
C) citric acid cycle 
D) electron transport system 
E) both pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle

Question 10

Match between columns
                        Premises: lactate and NADS1U1P1+S1S1P0

Accepted Answer

The Answer of pyruvate oxidation and fermentation and oxidative phosphorylation is...

Question 11

Both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can be regulated by feedback inhibition. Provide two examples of feedback inhibition. ​

Accepted Answer

In glycolysis, if excess ATP is present

Question 12

Both plants and animals possess mitochondria, which are used for some cellular respiration pathways to make ATP. ​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Some organisms are not able to live in an environment where there is oxygen; these types of organisms are called obligate anaerobes. Which explanation is most plausible for how they survive without oxygen? ​

Accepted Answer

A) They are able to survive using less energy than aerobes. 
B) All of their ATP is imported into the cell from an external source. 
C) Sulfur is used instead of oxygen because it is chemically similar. 
D) These organisms use photosynthesis to produce energy. 
E) Their mitochondria are damaged, and consequently they are short-lived. 
A) They are able to survive using less energy than aerobes. 
B) All of their ATP is imported into the cell from an external source. 
C) Sulfur is used instead of oxygen because it is chemically similar. 
D) These organisms use photosynthesis to produce energy. 
E) Their mitochondria are damaged, and consequently they are short-lived.

Question 14

How efficient is cellular respiration in extracting the energy stored in the bonds of glucose? ​

Accepted Answer

A) 25% 
B) 33% 
C) 45% 
D) 50% 
E) 80% 
A) 25% 
B) 33% 
C) 45% 
D) 50% 
E) 80%

Question 15

The final step of the citric acid cycle oxidizes malate to oxaloacetate and reduces NAD+. What is the purpose of this step? ​

Accepted Answer

A) to replenish the supplies of NAD+ 
B) to replenish free CoA 
C) to regenerate oxaloacetate to attach another acetate molecule 
D) to produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation 
E) to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation 
A) to replenish the supplies of NAD+ 
B) to replenish free CoA 
C) to regenerate oxaloacetate to attach another acetate molecule 
D) to produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation 
E) to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

Question 16

Why does NADH produce more energy than FADH2? ​

Accepted Answer

A) FADH2 donates electrons to protein complex III as opposed to complex II. 
B) FADH2 requires more ATP to produce it and gives more energy back. 
C) NADH and FADH2 are synthesized in different steps of cellular respiration. 
D) NADH has a high free energy and can be oxidized more readily than FADH2. 
E) NADH supplies fewer electrons that are of a higher energy state than FADH2. 
A) FADH2 donates electrons to protein complex III as opposed to complex II. 
B) FADH2 requires more ATP to produce it and gives more energy back. 
C) NADH and FADH2 are synthesized in different steps of cellular respiration. 
D) NADH has a high free energy and can be oxidized more readily than FADH2. 
E) NADH supplies fewer electrons that are of a higher energy state than FADH2.

Question 17

Which answer best describes energy flow in biological systems? ​

Accepted Answer

A) glucose --> G3P --> NADH --> ATP 
B) bacteria --> archaea --> plants --> animals 
C) NAD+ --> NADH --> ADP --> ATP 
D) G3P --> glucose --> ATP --> NAD+ 
E) pyruvate oxidation --> glycolysis --> fermentation --> citric acid cycle 
A) glucose --> G3P --> NADH --> ATP 
B) bacteria --> archaea --> plants --> animals 
C) NAD+ --> NADH --> ADP --> ATP 
D) G3P --> glucose --> ATP --> NAD+ 
E) pyruvate oxidation --> glycolysis --> fermentation --> citric acid cycle

Question 18

What directly supplies the electrons for the electron transfer system? ​

Accepted Answer

A) ATP and ADP 
B) FADH2 and NADH 
C) pyruvate and acetate 
D) various enzymes 
E) oxygen and water 
A) ATP and ADP 
B) FADH2 and NADH 
C) pyruvate and acetate 
D) various enzymes 
E) oxygen and water

Question 19

Which molecule is responsible for carrying the acetyl group from pyruvate into the citric acid cycle? ​

Accepted Answer

A) NADH 
B) FADH2 
C) ATP 
D) CoA 
E) oxaloacetate 
A) NADH 
B) FADH2 
C) ATP 
D) CoA 
E) oxaloacetate

Question 20

Suppose a human metabolic disease only allows electrons to be used from NADH and not FADH2.  What is a probable cause of this disease? ​

Accepted Answer

A) a defect in assembly protein genes for complex II of the electron transfer system 
B) enzyme defects in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle 
C) a deficient amount of cytochrome c and coenzyme Q 
D) improper regulation of phosphofructokinase 
E) inability of oxygen to act as a final electron acceptor 
A) a defect in assembly protein genes for complex II of the electron transfer system 
B) enzyme defects in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle 
C) a deficient amount of cytochrome c and coenzyme Q 
D) improper regulation of phosphofructokinase 
E) inability of oxygen to act as a final electron acceptor

Exam 7: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Alzheimer disease has been shown to be related to ____. ​

What is the proton-motive force? ​

As a result of fermentation, cells produce ____. ​

What is the fate of CoA after it delivers an acetyl group into the citric acid cycle? ​

What powers ATP synthase directly? ​

To reach the mitochondrial matrix, protons travel through a channel made by the ____ of ATP synthase. ​

Suppose we hypothesize that potato plants use uncoupling proteins (UCPs)in a similar way as mammals. What would be the evidence to support this hypothesis? ​

During which stages of cellular respiration is CO2 released? ​

Both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can be regulated by feedback inhibition. Provide two examples of feedback inhibition. ​

Both plants and animals possess mitochondria, which are used for some cellular respiration pathways to make ATP. ​

Some organisms are not able to live in an environment where there is oxygen; these types of organisms are called obligate anaerobes. Which explanation is most plausible for how they survive without oxygen? ​

How efficient is cellular respiration in extracting the energy stored in the bonds of glucose? ​

The final step of the citric acid cycle oxidizes malate to oxaloacetate and reduces NAD+. What is the purpose of this step? ​

Why does NADH produce more energy than FADH2? ​

Which answer best describes energy flow in biological systems? ​

What directly supplies the electrons for the electron transfer system? ​

Which molecule is responsible for carrying the acetyl group from pyruvate into the citric acid cycle? ​

Suppose a human metabolic disease only allows electrons to be used from NADH and not FADH2. What is a probable cause of this disease? ​

Introduction to Biological Concepts and Research

Life, Chemistry, and Water

Biological Molecules: the Carbon Compounds of Life

Cells

Membranes and Transport

Energy, Enzymes, and Biological Reactions

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

Cell Division and Mitosis

Meiosis: the Cellular Basis of Sexual Reproduction

Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance

Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics

DNA Structure, Replication, and Organization

From DNA to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Bacterial and Viral Genetics

Dna Technologies: Making and Using Genetically Altered Organisms, and Other Applications

Genomes and Proteomes

The Development of Evolutionary Thought

Microevolution: Genetic Changes Within Populations

Speciation

Paleobiology and Macroevolution

Systematic Biology: Phylogeny and Classification

The Origin of Life

Prokaryotes and Viruses

Protists

Seedless Plants

Seed Plants

Fungi

Animal Phylogeny, Acoelomates, and Protostomes

Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants

Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment

Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology

Information Flow and the Neuron

Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Endocrine System

Muscles, Bones, and Body Movements

The Circulatory System

Defenses Against Disease

Gas Exchange: the Respiratory System

Animal Nutrition

Regulating the Internal Environment

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Population Interactions and Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Animal Behavior

Filters

Alzheimer disease has been shown to be related to ____.

What is the proton-motive force?

As a result of fermentation, cells produce ____.

What is the fate of CoA after it delivers an acetyl group into the citric acid cycle?

What powers ATP synthase directly?

To reach the mitochondrial matrix, protons travel through a channel made by the ____ of ATP synthase.

Suppose we hypothesize that potato plants use uncoupling proteins (UCPs)in a similar way as mammals. What would be the evidence to support this hypothesis?

During which stages of cellular respiration is CO₂ released?

Both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can be regulated by feedback inhibition. Provide two examples of feedback inhibition.

Both plants and animals possess mitochondria, which are used for some cellular respiration pathways to make ATP.

Some organisms are not able to live in an environment where there is oxygen; these types of organisms are called obligate anaerobes. Which explanation is most plausible for how they survive without oxygen?

How efficient is cellular respiration in extracting the energy stored in the bonds of glucose?

The final step of the citric acid cycle oxidizes malate to oxaloacetate and reduces NAD⁺. What is the purpose of this step?

Why does NADH produce more energy than FADH₂?

Which answer best describes energy flow in biological systems?

What directly supplies the electrons for the electron transfer system?

Which molecule is responsible for carrying the acetyl group from pyruvate into the citric acid cycle?

Suppose a human metabolic disease only allows electrons to be used from NADH and not FADH₂. What is a probable cause of this disease?