Question 1

Structurally similar RTKs have been found in all multicellular animals, suggesting that ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) RTK genes are resistant to mutation 
B) RTKs evolved relatively early in the history of animals 
C) RTKs evolved from G proteins 
D) RTKs are not involved in vital processes in animals 
E) RTKs have evolved independently of each other in animals 
A) RTK genes are resistant to mutation 
B) RTKs evolved relatively early in the history of animals 
C) RTKs evolved from G proteins 
D) RTKs are not involved in vital processes in animals 
E) RTKs have evolved independently of each other in animals B

Question 2

Match between columns
                        Premises: cell communication by direct contact

Accepted Answer

The Answer of  d and  a and  is...

Question 3

Substance C is secreted from a neuron, and binds to its receptor on a nearby cell, triggering an increase in intracellular cAMP. Substance C is therefore a ligand for a ____.

Accepted Answer

A) a receptor tyrosine kinase 
B) a G-protein-coupled receptor 
C) a hormone receptor 
D) a ligand-gated ion channel 
E) guanylyl cyclase 
A) a receptor tyrosine kinase 
B) a G-protein-coupled receptor 
C) a hormone receptor 
D) a ligand-gated ion channel 
E) guanylyl cyclase B

Question 4

The amino acid targets of protein kinases in all GPCR pathways are ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) serine and glycine 
B) serine and tyrosine 
C) serine and threonine 
D) glycine and tyrosine 
E) glycine and threonine 
A) serine and glycine 
B) serine and tyrosine 
C) serine and threonine 
D) glycine and tyrosine 
E) glycine and threonine

Question 5

Substance A is secreted by the liver, travels through the circulatory system bound to a carrier protein and causes a change in gene expression in its target cell. Substance A is therefore a ligand for ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) a receptor tyrosine kinase 
B) a G-protein-coupled receptor 
C) a steroid hormone receptor 
D) a ligand-gated ion channel 
E) guanylyl cyclase 
A) a receptor tyrosine kinase 
B) a G-protein-coupled receptor 
C) a steroid hormone receptor 
D) a ligand-gated ion channel 
E) guanylyl cyclase

Question 6

Receptors for polar molecules are found ____, while receptors for nonpolar molecules are located ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) on the cell surface; within the cell 
B) within the cell; on the cell surface 
C) on the cell surface; on the nuclear membrane 
D) on the nuclear membrane; on the cell surface 
E) on the cell surface; within the lipid bilayer 
A) on the cell surface; within the cell 
B) within the cell; on the cell surface 
C) on the cell surface; on the nuclear membrane 
D) on the nuclear membrane; on the cell surface 
E) on the cell surface; within the lipid bilayer

Question 7

Steroid hormones are nonpolar molecules derived from cholesterol. ​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Match between columns
                        Premises: long-distance signaling

Accepted Answer

The Answer of  b and  c and  is...

Question 9

Cross-talk between second messenger pathways is probably involved in particular types of olfactory signal transduction in many animals. ​

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Once activated, cAMP is quickly degraded to AMP by ____, switching off the signal pathway.

Accepted Answer

A) adenylyl cyclase 
B) diacylglycerol 
C) phospholipase C 
D) acetylcholinesterase 
E) phosphodiesterase 
A) adenylyl cyclase 
B) diacylglycerol 
C) phospholipase C 
D) acetylcholinesterase 
E) phosphodiesterase

Question 11

Researchers have determined that the growth of hormone-responsive breast cancer cells depends upon ____.

Accepted Answer

A) the relative concentrations of ERα and ERβ in the tumor cells 
B) the ability of ERβ to stimulate cancer cell growth 
C) the ability of ERα to inhibit cancer cell growth 
D) whether DNA binding sites exists for ER α, but not ERβ 
E) the relative concentrations of estrogen and testosterone in breast tissue 
A) the relative concentrations of ERα and ERβ in the tumor cells 
B) the ability of ERβ to stimulate cancer cell growth 
C) the ability of ERα to inhibit cancer cell growth 
D) whether DNA binding sites exists for ER α, but not ERβ 
E) the relative concentrations of estrogen and testosterone in breast tissue

Question 12

Steroid hormones ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) are proteins 
B) include testosterone, estrogens, and cortisol 
C) never activate second messengers 
D) never alter membrane transport of ions 
E) are large nonpolar molecules 
A) are proteins 
B) include testosterone, estrogens, and cortisol 
C) never activate second messengers 
D) never alter membrane transport of ions 
E) are large nonpolar molecules

Question 13

Inactive Ras is bound to receptor tyrosine kinases by ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) G proteins 
B) adapter proteins 
C) phosphate bonds 
D) peptide tethers 
E) GDP 
A) G proteins 
B) adapter proteins 
C) phosphate bonds 
D) peptide tethers 
E) GDP

Question 14

The recognition of a chemical signal by a receptor protein in the membrane is most similar to ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) mRNA specifying the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide 
B) binding of a specific substrate to the active site of an enzyme 
C) turning on gene transcription 
D) allosteric regulation of proteins 
E) an enzyme requiring a specific optimum pH and temperature for activity 
A) mRNA specifying the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide 
B) binding of a specific substrate to the active site of an enzyme 
C) turning on gene transcription 
D) allosteric regulation of proteins 
E) an enzyme requiring a specific optimum pH and temperature for activity

Question 15

Arrange the events in the pathway activated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)in the correct order.
1.  Activation of effector
2.  Activation of protein kinases
3.  Receptor binds first messenger
4.  Production of second messenger
5.  Activation of G protein

Accepted Answer

A) 1→3→5→2→4 
B) 2→3→5→4→1 
C) 3→1→5→4→2 
D) 3→5→1→4→2 
E) 3→5→2→4→1 
A) 1→3→5→2→4 
B) 2→3→5→4→1 
C) 3→1→5→4→2 
D) 3→5→1→4→2 
E) 3→5→2→4→1

Question 16

Match between columns
                        Premises: lithium reduces the activity of this pathway

Accepted Answer

The Answer of nitric oxide and ligand-gated ion channel and is...

Question 17

What is the function of signal transduction?

Accepted Answer

Signal transduction refers to the proces

Question 18

In the IP  3  /DAG pathway, what is the effector molecule? ​

Accepted Answer

A) IP3 
B) DAG 
C) PIP2 
D) phospholipase C 
E) calcium 
A) IP3 
B) DAG 
C) PIP2 
D) phospholipase C 
E) calcium

Question 19

Which molecule is a common second messenger?

Accepted Answer

A) cGTP 
B) cATP 
C) PIP2 
D) diacylglycerol 
E) Ras 
A) cGTP 
B) cATP 
C) PIP2 
D) diacylglycerol 
E) Ras

Question 20

Substance E is made in the pancreas, travels through the blood, and binds to a surface receptor on a target cell. After dimerization and autophosphorylation, the receptor activates a signaling protein. Substance E is therefore the ligand for ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) a receptor tyrosine kinase 
B) a G-protein-coupled receptor 
C) a hormone receptor 
D) a ligand-gated ion channel 
E) guanylyl cyclase 
A) a receptor tyrosine kinase 
B) a G-protein-coupled receptor 
C) a hormone receptor 
D) a ligand-gated ion channel 
E) guanylyl cyclase

Exam 9: Cell Communication

Structurally similar RTKs have been found in all multicellular animals, suggesting that ____. ​

Substance C is secreted from a neuron, and binds to its receptor on a nearby cell, triggering an increase in intracellular cAMP. Substance C is therefore a ligand for a ____.

The amino acid targets of protein kinases in all GPCR pathways are ____. ​

Substance A is secreted by the liver, travels through the circulatory system bound to a carrier protein and causes a change in gene expression in its target cell. Substance A is therefore a ligand for ____. ​

Receptors for polar molecules are found ____, while receptors for nonpolar molecules are located ____. ​

Steroid hormones are nonpolar molecules derived from cholesterol. ​

Cross-talk between second messenger pathways is probably involved in particular types of olfactory signal transduction in many animals. ​

Once activated, cAMP is quickly degraded to AMP by ____, switching off the signal pathway.

Researchers have determined that the growth of hormone-responsive breast cancer cells depends upon ____.

Steroid hormones ____. ​

Inactive Ras is bound to receptor tyrosine kinases by ____. ​

The recognition of a chemical signal by a receptor protein in the membrane is most similar to ____. ​

Arrange the events in the pathway activated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)in the correct order. 1. Activation of effector 2. Activation of protein kinases 3. Receptor binds first messenger 4. Production of second messenger 5. Activation of G protein

What is the function of signal transduction?

In the IP 3 /DAG pathway, what is the effector molecule? ​

Which molecule is a common second messenger?

Substance E is made in the pancreas, travels through the blood, and binds to a surface receptor on a target cell. After dimerization and autophosphorylation, the receptor activates a signaling protein. Substance E is therefore the ligand for ____. ​

Introduction to Biological Concepts and Research

Life, Chemistry, and Water

Biological Molecules: the Carbon Compounds of Life

Cells

Membranes and Transport

Energy, Enzymes, and Biological Reactions

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Division and Mitosis

Meiosis: the Cellular Basis of Sexual Reproduction

Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance

Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics

DNA Structure, Replication, and Organization

From DNA to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Bacterial and Viral Genetics

Dna Technologies: Making and Using Genetically Altered Organisms, and Other Applications

Genomes and Proteomes

The Development of Evolutionary Thought

Microevolution: Genetic Changes Within Populations

Speciation

Paleobiology and Macroevolution

Systematic Biology: Phylogeny and Classification

The Origin of Life

Prokaryotes and Viruses

Protists

Seedless Plants

Seed Plants

Fungi

Animal Phylogeny, Acoelomates, and Protostomes

Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants

Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment

Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology

Information Flow and the Neuron

Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Endocrine System

Muscles, Bones, and Body Movements

The Circulatory System

Defenses Against Disease

Gas Exchange: the Respiratory System

Animal Nutrition

Regulating the Internal Environment

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Population Interactions and Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Animal Behavior

Filters

Structurally similar RTKs have been found in all multicellular animals, suggesting that ____.

The amino acid targets of protein kinases in all GPCR pathways are ____.

Substance A is secreted by the liver, travels through the circulatory system bound to a carrier protein and causes a change in gene expression in its target cell. Substance A is therefore a ligand for ____.

Receptors for polar molecules are found , while receptors for nonpolar molecules are located .

Steroid hormones are nonpolar molecules derived from cholesterol.

Cross-talk between second messenger pathways is probably involved in particular types of olfactory signal transduction in many animals.

Steroid hormones ____.

Inactive Ras is bound to receptor tyrosine kinases by ____.

The recognition of a chemical signal by a receptor protein in the membrane is most similar to ____.

In the IP ₃ /DAG pathway, what is the effector molecule?

Substance E is made in the pancreas, travels through the blood, and binds to a surface receptor on a target cell. After dimerization and autophosphorylation, the receptor activates a signaling protein. Substance E is therefore the ligand for ____.