Question 1

What are three ways in which Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, is able to overcome our immune systems and medical treatment? Explain.

Accepted Answer

Plasmodium parasites are antigenically varied, making vaccine development difficult.Plasmodium parasites have developed resistance to many drug treatments.Plasmodium parasites live inside of red blood cells for part of their infectious cycle, making them inaccessible to much of our immune system.

Question 2

Which maternal antigens are protective against diseases such as diphtheria, tetanus, streptococcal infections, and measles?

Accepted Answer

A) IgA and IgE 
B) IgA and IgG 
C) IgD and IgE 
D) IgG and IgM 
E) All classes of immunoglobulins. 
A) IgA and IgE 
B) IgA and IgG 
C) IgD and IgE 
D) IgG and IgM 
E) All classes of immunoglobulins. B

Question 3

Which infectious disease is the BEST example of "original antigenic sin?"

Accepted Answer

A) HIV 
B) Influenza 
C) Measles 
D) Tapeworms 
E) Toxoplasma 
A) HIV 
B) Influenza 
C) Measles 
D) Tapeworms 
E) Toxoplasma B

Question 4

Cryptococcus may spread throughout an infected host.By what mechanism is Cryptococcus controlled by the acquired immune system?

Accepted Answer

A) Activation of TH cells 
B) Degranulation of eosinophils and IgE 
C) Expression of TNF- ? 
D) Granuloma formation 
E) Plasma cell activation 
A) Activation of TH cells 
B) Degranulation of eosinophils and IgE 
C) Expression of TNF- ? 
D) Granuloma formation 
E) Plasma cell activation

Question 5

What would happen if a person who is undergoing chemotherapy were given a live virus vaccine against polio?

Accepted Answer

A) The cancer patient would likely develop a strong immune response to the vaccine because a live viral antigen was used. 
B) The cancer patient would likely develop polio because the immune system is compromised and would not be able to fight off the live virus. 
C) The chemotherapy the cancer patient is receiving would inactivate the vaccine by killing the live polio virus. 
D) There would be no effect, as the cancer patient does not produce a high number of immune cells for the polio virus to interact with. 
E) Using a live viral antigen in a vaccine is lethal to immunocompromised people because their immune system would be overwhelmed and toxic shock would occur. 
A) The cancer patient would likely develop a strong immune response to the vaccine because a live viral antigen was used. 
B) The cancer patient would likely develop polio because the immune system is compromised and would not be able to fight off the live virus. 
C) The chemotherapy the cancer patient is receiving would inactivate the vaccine by killing the live polio virus. 
D) There would be no effect, as the cancer patient does not produce a high number of immune cells for the polio virus to interact with. 
E) Using a live viral antigen in a vaccine is lethal to immunocompromised people because their immune system would be overwhelmed and toxic shock would occur.

Question 6

_____ is/are known as an endotoxin.

Accepted Answer

A) C3a 
B) Capsular proteins 
C) Flagellar proteins (H antigen) 
D) Lipid A of the LPS in gram-negative cells 
E) Peptidoglycan in gram-positive cells 
A) C3a 
B) Capsular proteins 
C) Flagellar proteins (H antigen) 
D) Lipid A of the LPS in gram-negative cells 
E) Peptidoglycan in gram-positive cells

Question 7

Acquired fungal immunity is supported by

Accepted Answer

A) multiple antifungals and vaccines that are available. 
B) normal flora species that produce new antimicrobial compounds. 
C) plasma-cell and memory B-cell activation. 
D) TH1 and IFN- ? production. 
E) TNF- ? and TC production. 
A) multiple antifungals and vaccines that are available. 
B) normal flora species that produce new antimicrobial compounds. 
C) plasma-cell and memory B-cell activation. 
D) TH1 and IFN- ? production. 
E) TNF- ? and TC production.

Question 8

Why does active immunity produce long-term immunity better than passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

A) Active immunity always leads to having the illness though in a milder form than an unvaccinated individual. 
B) Antibodies do not produce long-term immunity because they break down after two weeks. 
C) During active immunity, antigens for the disease are presented to the immune system through classical antigen presentation mechanisms, so an active B-cell response and immunologic memory develop. 
D) Long-term storage of antibodies maintains vaccine integrity; however, antigens cannot be stored long term. 
E) All of the answers are correct. 
A) Active immunity always leads to having the illness though in a milder form than an unvaccinated individual. 
B) Antibodies do not produce long-term immunity because they break down after two weeks. 
C) During active immunity, antigens for the disease are presented to the immune system through classical antigen presentation mechanisms, so an active B-cell response and immunologic memory develop. 
D) Long-term storage of antibodies maintains vaccine integrity; however, antigens cannot be stored long term. 
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a newly emerging infectious disease?

Accepted Answer

A) Ebola 
B) Legionnaires disease (Legionella) 
C) Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis 
D) SARS 
E) West Nile 
A) Ebola 
B) Legionnaires disease (Legionella) 
C) Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis 
D) SARS 
E) West Nile

Question 10

List the major types of vaccines.Which is the strongest? The weakest? Explain why it is often necessary to develop weaker vaccines.

Accepted Answer

[From strongest to weakest] live attenua

Question 11

Define "emerging disease," and provide an example of one.

Accepted Answer

An emerging disease is a disease that ha

Question 12

How do Plasmodium cells avoid immune clearance?

Accepted Answer

A) Antagonistic cytokines are produced by the Plasmodium cells. 
B) Periodic changes in the surface antigen (VSG) of Plasmodium ensures that at least some cells will survive antibody mediated attacks. 
C) Plasmodium cells show multidrug resistance. 
D) Plasmodium invades red blood cells so that immune-effector cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells cannot phagocytize Plasmodium cells. 
E) TNF- ? is produced in large amounts by Plasmodium, thus overwhelming the immune response and creating a cytokine storm. 
A) Antagonistic cytokines are produced by the Plasmodium cells. 
B) Periodic changes in the surface antigen (VSG) of Plasmodium ensures that at least some cells will survive antibody mediated attacks. 
C) Plasmodium cells show multidrug resistance. 
D) Plasmodium invades red blood cells so that immune-effector cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells cannot phagocytize Plasmodium cells. 
E) TNF- ? is produced in large amounts by Plasmodium, thus overwhelming the immune response and creating a cytokine storm.

Question 13

Which type of pathogen mutates at the HIGHEST rate?

Accepted Answer

A) HIV 
B) Influenza 
C) E.coli 
D) Plasmodium falciparume. 
E) Candida sp. 
A) HIV 
B) Influenza 
C) E.coli 
D) Plasmodium falciparume. 
E) Candida sp.

Question 14

Some species of fungi are part of the normal microbiota or normal microbial flora of a host organism.How does the immune system differentiate between "good" fungi and "bad" fungi?

Accepted Answer

A) Good fungi only reside in certain places and thereby will not trigger an immune response. 
B) Good fungi are weakly virulent, whereas bad fungi are highly virulent. 
C) Fungi are differentiated based on their cytokine production. 
D) Low levels of any fungi are ignored by the immune system. 
E) PAMPs such as motifs in peptidoglycan are used to mark fungal cells. 
A) Good fungi only reside in certain places and thereby will not trigger an immune response. 
B) Good fungi are weakly virulent, whereas bad fungi are highly virulent. 
C) Fungi are differentiated based on their cytokine production. 
D) Low levels of any fungi are ignored by the immune system. 
E) PAMPs such as motifs in peptidoglycan are used to mark fungal cells.

Question 15

By which mechanisms can bacterial pathogens evade a host immune response?

Accepted Answer

A) Avoiding phagocytosis by the production of a capsule. 
B) Escape of the phagolysosome within phagocytic cells. 
C) Neutralization of digestive enzymes found within phagocytic cells. 
D) All of the answers are correct. 
E) None of the answers are correct. 
A) Avoiding phagocytosis by the production of a capsule. 
B) Escape of the phagolysosome within phagocytic cells. 
C) Neutralization of digestive enzymes found within phagocytic cells. 
D) All of the answers are correct. 
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 16

Which pathogen would be LEAST affected by a host complement attack?

Accepted Answer

A) Rotavirus (nonenveloped virus) 
B) Influenza (enveloped virus) 
C) HIV (enveloped virus) 
D) Gram-negative bacteria 
E) Gram-positive bacteria 
A) Rotavirus (nonenveloped virus) 
B) Influenza (enveloped virus) 
C) HIV (enveloped virus) 
D) Gram-negative bacteria 
E) Gram-positive bacteria

Question 17

In efforts to cut funding for basic research, lobbyists and politicians will often frame said research as being wasteful, or without purpose.You are studying a harmless virus that exclusively affects bats.Using an example from the text, pose a counter argument defending the importance of your research.

Accepted Answer

There are many new diseases emerging in

Question 18

People encounter fungi on a daily basis, yet few healthy individuals develop fungal infections.Each of the following are mechanisms of the innate immune system that help prevent or limit fungal infections in healthy individuals EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) neutrophils are especially good at phagocytizing fungal cells. 
B) normal microbial flora (commensals) limit fungal growth by toxin (antimicrobial) production. 
C) normal microbial flora use available nutrients and colonization space on the host, which makes the host an inhospitable environment for fungal cells. 
D) PAMPs such as b-glucans, mannans, and chitin are recognized by innate immune cells. 
E) several species of fungi are able to block PRR binding. 
A) neutrophils are especially good at phagocytizing fungal cells. 
B) normal microbial flora (commensals) limit fungal growth by toxin (antimicrobial) production. 
C) normal microbial flora use available nutrients and colonization space on the host, which makes the host an inhospitable environment for fungal cells. 
D) PAMPs such as b-glucans, mannans, and chitin are recognized by innate immune cells. 
E) several species of fungi are able to block PRR binding.

Question 19

What is herd immunity?

Accepted Answer

A) A global vaccination day established by the World Health Organization to ensure every person on the planet is vaccinated against a particular pathogen.The last herd immunity day was in the early 1980s with smallpox. 
B) A vaccination program started by progressive nations to prevent the spread of prion diseases such as Mad Cow (BS
E) . 
C) Herd immunity refers to a special vaccination method whereby immunocompromised individuals are given vaccines made only of antibodies. 
D) Receiving all government recommended vaccines in one day.This produces the strongest immune response possible but frequently leaves the person being vaccinated experiencing malaise (generally feeling bad) and feeling feverish. 
E) Vaccinating the majority of a population to protect immunocompromised individuals from a particular pathogen. 
A) A global vaccination day established by the World Health Organization to ensure every person on the planet is vaccinated against a particular pathogen.The last herd immunity day was in the early 1980s with smallpox. 
B) A vaccination program started by progressive nations to prevent the spread of prion diseases such as Mad Cow (BS
E) . 
C) Herd immunity refers to a special vaccination method whereby immunocompromised individuals are given vaccines made only of antibodies. 
D) Receiving all government recommended vaccines in one day.This produces the strongest immune response possible but frequently leaves the person being vaccinated experiencing malaise (generally feeling bad) and feeling feverish. 
E) Vaccinating the majority of a population to protect immunocompromised individuals from a particular pathogen.

Question 20

Why is developing an effective response to trypanosome infection challenging for our immune system?

Accepted Answer

Trypanosoma is covered in molecules of V

What are three ways in which Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, is able to overcome our immune systems and medical treatment? Explain.

Which maternal antigens are protective against diseases such as diphtheria, tetanus, streptococcal infections, and measles?

Which infectious disease is the BEST example of "original antigenic sin?"

Cryptococcus may spread throughout an infected host.By what mechanism is Cryptococcus controlled by the acquired immune system?

What would happen if a person who is undergoing chemotherapy were given a live virus vaccine against polio?

_____ is/are known as an endotoxin.

Acquired fungal immunity is supported by

Why does active immunity produce long-term immunity better than passive immunity?

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a newly emerging infectious disease?

List the major types of vaccines.Which is the strongest? The weakest? Explain why it is often necessary to develop weaker vaccines.

Define "emerging disease," and provide an example of one.

How do Plasmodium cells avoid immune clearance?

Which type of pathogen mutates at the HIGHEST rate?

Some species of fungi are part of the normal microbiota or normal microbial flora of a host organism.How does the immune system differentiate between "good" fungi and "bad" fungi?

By which mechanisms can bacterial pathogens evade a host immune response?

Which pathogen would be LEAST affected by a host complement attack?

People encounter fungi on a daily basis, yet few healthy individuals develop fungal infections.Each of the following are mechanisms of the innate immune system that help prevent or limit fungal infections in healthy individuals EXCEPT

What is herd immunity?

Why is developing an effective response to trypanosome infection challenging for our immune system?

Overview of the Immune System

Cells, Organs, and Microenvironments of the Immune System

Recognition and Response

Innate Immunity

The Complement System

The Organization and Expression of Lymphocyte Receptor Genes

The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen Presentation

T-Cell Development

B-Cell Development

T-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

B-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

Effector Responses: Cell- and Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Mucosal Immunity and the Microbiome

The Immune Response in Time and Space

Allergy, Hypersensitivities, and Chronic Inflammation

Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Transplantation

Immunodeficiency Disorders

Cancer and the Immune System

Experimental Methods and Systems

Filters

Exam 17: Infectious Diseases and Vaccines

What are three ways in which Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, is able to overcome our immune systems and medical treatment? Explain.

Which maternal antigens are protective against diseases such as diphtheria, tetanus, streptococcal infections, and measles?

Which infectious disease is the BEST example of "original antigenic sin?"

Cryptococcus may spread throughout an infected host.By what mechanism is Cryptococcus controlled by the acquired immune system?

What would happen if a person who is undergoing chemotherapy were given a live virus vaccine against polio?

_____ is/are known as an endotoxin.

Acquired fungal immunity is supported by

Why does active immunity produce long-term immunity better than passive immunity?

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a newly emerging infectious disease?

List the major types of vaccines.Which is the strongest? The weakest? Explain why it is often necessary to develop weaker vaccines.

Define "emerging disease," and provide an example of one.

How do Plasmodium cells avoid immune clearance?

Which type of pathogen mutates at the HIGHEST rate?

Some species of fungi are part of the normal microbiota or normal microbial flora of a host organism.How does the immune system differentiate between "good" fungi and "bad" fungi?

By which mechanisms can bacterial pathogens evade a host immune response?

Which pathogen would be LEAST affected by a host complement attack?

People encounter fungi on a daily basis, yet few healthy individuals develop fungal infections.Each of the following are mechanisms of the innate immune system that help prevent or limit fungal infections in healthy individuals EXCEPT

What is herd immunity?

Why is developing an effective response to trypanosome infection challenging for our immune system?

Overview of the Immune System

Cells, Organs, and Microenvironments of the Immune System

Recognition and Response

Innate Immunity

The Complement System

The Organization and Expression of Lymphocyte Receptor Genes

The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen Presentation

T-Cell Development

B-Cell Development

T-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

B-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

Effector Responses: Cell- and Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Mucosal Immunity and the Microbiome

The Immune Response in Time and Space

Allergy, Hypersensitivities, and Chronic Inflammation

Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Transplantation

Immunodeficiency Disorders

Cancer and the Immune System

Experimental Methods and Systems

Filters