Question 1

Autoimmune diseases

Accepted Answer

A) involve a failure of central tolerance. 
B) involve a failure of peripheral tolerance. 
C) lead to tissue destruction. 
D) All of the answers are correct. 
E) None of the answers are correct. 
A) involve a failure of central tolerance. 
B) involve a failure of peripheral tolerance. 
C) lead to tissue destruction. 
D) All of the answers are correct. 
E) None of the answers are correct. D

Question 2

What are three different ways to prevent rejection following organ transplantation?

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary, but possible responses include transplanting an autograft (self-tissue), using immunosuppressive drugs, transplanting a tissue that does not contain alloantigens (such as cartilage), transplanting in a privileged site, or enclosing the transplanted cells in a protective barrier.

Question 3

Although MHC matching is important for transplantation, ABO blood group matching is also critical because

Accepted Answer

A) ABO antigens are expressed on nervous tissue. 
B) ABO antigens are expressed on muscle cells. 
C) complement will cause rapid lysis of ABO mismatched cells. 
D) All of the answers are correct. 
E) None of the answers are correct. 
A) ABO antigens are expressed on nervous tissue. 
B) ABO antigens are expressed on muscle cells. 
C) complement will cause rapid lysis of ABO mismatched cells. 
D) All of the answers are correct. 
E) None of the answers are correct. C

Question 4

A transplantation doctor is observing her notes for an upcoming surgery.She sees the following information about the donor and recipient of a heart transplantation:
HLA: 11/12 [genes matched]
Donor blood type: A+
Recipient blood type: B-
What are the chances of success for this operation? Provide your prognosis.

Accepted Answer

Finding a donor organ that has 11/12 HLA

Question 5

The tolerogenic response

Accepted Answer

A) is not antigen specific. 
B) leads to apoptosis but not anergy. 
C) results in cells becoming nonresponsive. 
D) depends on the presentation context. 
E) affects T cells only. 
A) is not antigen specific. 
B) leads to apoptosis but not anergy. 
C) results in cells becoming nonresponsive. 
D) depends on the presentation context. 
E) affects T cells only.

Question 6

Tolerance is promoted by

Accepted Answer

A) induction of anergy. 
B) induction of apoptosis. 
C) regulation of activity of cells. 
D) All of the answers are correct. 
E) None of the answers are correct. 
A) induction of anergy. 
B) induction of apoptosis. 
C) regulation of activity of cells. 
D) All of the answers are correct. 
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 7

Maintaining immunologically protected sites, such as the eye,

Accepted Answer

A) allows sequestration of antigens. 
B) reduces central tolerance. 
C) can lead to autoreactivity secondary to injury. 
D) can reduce background reactivity. 
E) All of the answers are correct. 
A) allows sequestration of antigens. 
B) reduces central tolerance. 
C) can lead to autoreactivity secondary to injury. 
D) can reduce background reactivity. 
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 8

Central tolerance employs all but which of the following mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

A) Apoptosis 
B) Receptor editing 
C) Positive selection 
D) Negative selection 
E) Clonal deletion 
A) Apoptosis 
B) Receptor editing 
C) Positive selection 
D) Negative selection 
E) Clonal deletion

Question 9

Individuals who express HLA-B27 are 90 times more likely to develop the autoimmune disorder ankylosing spondylitis than individuals with a different HLA allele at this locus.This leads to the conclusion that

Accepted Answer

A) HLA-B27 causes ankylosing spondylitis. 
B) individuals with HLA-B27 will develop ankylosing spondylitis. 
C) autoimmune disorders must have genetic components. 
D) patients with ankylosing spondylitis express HLA-B27. 
E) None of the answers are correct. 
A) HLA-B27 causes ankylosing spondylitis. 
B) individuals with HLA-B27 will develop ankylosing spondylitis. 
C) autoimmune disorders must have genetic components. 
D) patients with ankylosing spondylitis express HLA-B27. 
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 10

Which of the following statements does NOT describe tolerogens accurately?

Accepted Answer

A) They can be the same molecules as immunogens. 
B) They lead cells to become unresponsive. 
C) They are part of peripheral tolerance. 
D) They only affect B cells. 
E) All of the answers describe tolerogens. 
A) They can be the same molecules as immunogens. 
B) They lead cells to become unresponsive. 
C) They are part of peripheral tolerance. 
D) They only affect B cells. 
E) All of the answers describe tolerogens.

Question 11

In immunotherapy, there has been a great deal of success through the use of tailored approaches and gene therapy - for example, engineering T cells that target a patient's unique cancer cells.With this in mind, what might a similar approach look like for autoimmune diseases?

Accepted Answer

Option 1: CAR therapy that recognizes th

Question 12

Minor histocompatibility locus genes can cause tissue rejection

Accepted Answer

A) only if major histocompatibility genes also cause rejection. 
B) even if major histocompatibility genes match properly. 
C) more quickly than MHC-mediated rejection. 
D) at the same rate as MHC rejection. 
E) None of the answers are correct. 
A) only if major histocompatibility genes also cause rejection. 
B) even if major histocompatibility genes match properly. 
C) more quickly than MHC-mediated rejection. 
D) at the same rate as MHC rejection. 
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 13

What is the MOST important gene (or group of genes) for the development of autoimmunity? Explain.

Accepted Answer

There are a wide variety of genes that c

Question 14

Apoptosis is

Accepted Answer

A) similar to necrosis. 
B) important in peripheral but not central tolerance. 
C) important in central but not peripheral tolerance. 
D) impaired in Fas-deficient systems. 
E) None of the answers are correct. 
A) similar to necrosis. 
B) important in peripheral but not central tolerance. 
C) important in central but not peripheral tolerance. 
D) impaired in Fas-deficient systems. 
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 15

Because T cells are essential in graft rejection, nude mice, which lack a thymus

Accepted Answer

A) will reject grafts the same as wild-type mice. 
B) will reject grafts more vigorously than wild-type mice. 
C) will not reject grafts as they lack T cells. 
D) will not reject grafts as they lack B cells. 
E) will not reject grafts because of peripheral tolerance. 
A) will reject grafts the same as wild-type mice. 
B) will reject grafts more vigorously than wild-type mice. 
C) will not reject grafts as they lack T cells. 
D) will not reject grafts as they lack B cells. 
E) will not reject grafts because of peripheral tolerance.

Question 16

Speculate as to why regulatory T cells may have evolved, despite us having negative selection of lymphocytes during development.Explain your answer.

Accepted Answer

See Figure

Question 17

CD8+ TREG cells can counteract autoimmune diseases in mice deficient in

Accepted Answer

A) AIRE. 
B) CD4+ TREGs. 
C) IL-10. 
D) plasma cells. 
E) lymphocytes. 
A) AIRE. 
B) CD4+ TREGs. 
C) IL-10. 
D) plasma cells. 
E) lymphocytes.

Question 18

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Accepted Answer

A) is more common in women than in men. 
B) is antibody mediated. 
C) targets multiple organs. 
D) All of the answers are correct. 
E) None of the answers are correct. 
A) is more common in women than in men. 
B) is antibody mediated. 
C) targets multiple organs. 
D) All of the answers are correct. 
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 19

Rejection of allografts

Accepted Answer

A) does not depend on MHC mismatching. 
B) demonstrates immunological specificity. 
C) demonstrates immunological memory. 
D) both demonstrates immunological specificity and does not depend on MHC mismatching. 
E) both demonstrates immunological specificity and immunological memory. 
A) does not depend on MHC mismatching. 
B) demonstrates immunological specificity. 
C) demonstrates immunological memory. 
D) both demonstrates immunological specificity and does not depend on MHC mismatching. 
E) both demonstrates immunological specificity and immunological memory.

Question 20

Rheumatoid arthritis

Accepted Answer

A) seems to be T-cell mediated, with cytotoxic T cells being primarily responsible. 
B) is more common in men than in women. 
C) targets the joint capsules. 
D) is characterized by juvenile onset. 
E) All of the answers are correct. 
A) seems to be T-cell mediated, with cytotoxic T cells being primarily responsible. 
B) is more common in men than in women. 
C) targets the joint capsules. 
D) is characterized by juvenile onset. 
E) All of the answers are correct.

Autoimmune diseases

What are three different ways to prevent rejection following organ transplantation?

Although MHC matching is important for transplantation, ABO blood group matching is also critical because

The tolerogenic response

Tolerance is promoted by

Maintaining immunologically protected sites, such as the eye,

Central tolerance employs all but which of the following mechanisms?

Individuals who express HLA-B27 are 90 times more likely to develop the autoimmune disorder ankylosing spondylitis than individuals with a different HLA allele at this locus.This leads to the conclusion that

Which of the following statements does NOT describe tolerogens accurately?

In immunotherapy, there has been a great deal of success through the use of tailored approaches and gene therapy - for example, engineering T cells that target a patient's unique cancer cells.With this in mind, what might a similar approach look like for autoimmune diseases?

Minor histocompatibility locus genes can cause tissue rejection

What is the MOST important gene (or group of genes) for the development of autoimmunity? Explain.

Apoptosis is

Because T cells are essential in graft rejection, nude mice, which lack a thymus

Speculate as to why regulatory T cells may have evolved, despite us having negative selection of lymphocytes during development.Explain your answer.

CD8⁺ T_REG cells can counteract autoimmune diseases in mice deficient in

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Rejection of allografts

Rheumatoid arthritis

Overview of the Immune System

Cells, Organs, and Microenvironments of the Immune System

Recognition and Response

Innate Immunity

The Complement System

The Organization and Expression of Lymphocyte Receptor Genes

The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen Presentation

T-Cell Development

B-Cell Development

T-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

B-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

Effector Responses: Cell- and Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Mucosal Immunity and the Microbiome

The Immune Response in Time and Space

Allergy, Hypersensitivities, and Chronic Inflammation

Infectious Diseases and Vaccines

Immunodeficiency Disorders

Cancer and the Immune System

Experimental Methods and Systems

Filters

Exam 16: Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Transplantation

Autoimmune diseases

What are three different ways to prevent rejection following organ transplantation?

Although MHC matching is important for transplantation, ABO blood group matching is also critical because

The tolerogenic response

Tolerance is promoted by

Maintaining immunologically protected sites, such as the eye,

Central tolerance employs all but which of the following mechanisms?

Individuals who express HLA-B27 are 90 times more likely to develop the autoimmune disorder ankylosing spondylitis than individuals with a different HLA allele at this locus.This leads to the conclusion that

Which of the following statements does NOT describe tolerogens accurately?

In immunotherapy, there has been a great deal of success through the use of tailored approaches and gene therapy - for example, engineering T cells that target a patient's unique cancer cells.With this in mind, what might a similar approach look like for autoimmune diseases?

Minor histocompatibility locus genes can cause tissue rejection

What is the MOST important gene (or group of genes) for the development of autoimmunity? Explain.

Apoptosis is

Because T cells are essential in graft rejection, nude mice, which lack a thymus

Speculate as to why regulatory T cells may have evolved, despite us having negative selection of lymphocytes during development.Explain your answer.

CD8+ TREG cells can counteract autoimmune diseases in mice deficient in

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Rejection of allografts

Rheumatoid arthritis

Overview of the Immune System

Cells, Organs, and Microenvironments of the Immune System

Recognition and Response

Innate Immunity

The Complement System

The Organization and Expression of Lymphocyte Receptor Genes

The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen Presentation

T-Cell Development

B-Cell Development

T-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

B-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

Effector Responses: Cell- and Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Mucosal Immunity and the Microbiome

The Immune Response in Time and Space

Allergy, Hypersensitivities, and Chronic Inflammation

Infectious Diseases and Vaccines

Immunodeficiency Disorders

Cancer and the Immune System

Experimental Methods and Systems

Filters

CD8⁺ T_REG cells can counteract autoimmune diseases in mice deficient in