Question 1

Which of these characteristics are innate?

Accepted Answer

A) Found in all multicellular plants and animals 
B) Receptors are encoded in the germ line 
C) Recognizes broad classes of pathogens 
D) All of the answers are innate characteristics. 
E) None of the answers are innate characteristics. 
A) Found in all multicellular plants and animals 
B) Receptors are encoded in the germ line 
C) Recognizes broad classes of pathogens 
D) All of the answers are innate characteristics. 
E) None of the answers are innate characteristics. E

Question 2

Which type of vaccine would MOST likely require an adjuvant?

Accepted Answer

A) Killed bacteria 
B) Attenuated virus 
C) Inactivated virus 
D) Purified protein 
E) All of the answers are equally likely. 
A) Killed bacteria 
B) Attenuated virus 
C) Inactivated virus 
D) Purified protein 
E) All of the answers are equally likely. D

Question 3

How do natural killer cells kill their targets?

Accepted Answer

A) By lysing them 
B) By inducing inflammation 
C) By inducing apoptosis 
D) By causing them to leave the bloodstream and be trapped by the liver 
E) By coating them with opsonins 
A) By lysing them 
B) By inducing inflammation 
C) By inducing apoptosis 
D) By causing them to leave the bloodstream and be trapped by the liver 
E) By coating them with opsonins C

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT usually induced in response to TLR signaling?

Accepted Answer

A) TNF- ? 
B) IL-1 
C) iNOS 
D) IL-6 
E) IL-4 
A) TNF- ? 
B) IL-1 
C) iNOS 
D) IL-6 
E) IL-4

Question 5

A bacterial pathogen has breached the skin barrier of a human.This is the first time this human host has been exposed to this particular pathogen.Which statement is NOT true regarding this situation?

Accepted Answer

A) Innate immunity will respond to the pathogen more quickly than adaptive immunity. 
B) Innate immune cells will utilize PRRs to recognize PAMPs on the pathogen. 
C) Normal, intact skin is a good, but not perfect, barrier to pathogen entry. 
D) Memory T cells will aid in pathogen recognition and response. 
E) Phagocytes within the skin will aid in pathogen recognition and response. 
A) Innate immunity will respond to the pathogen more quickly than adaptive immunity. 
B) Innate immune cells will utilize PRRs to recognize PAMPs on the pathogen. 
C) Normal, intact skin is a good, but not perfect, barrier to pathogen entry. 
D) Memory T cells will aid in pathogen recognition and response. 
E) Phagocytes within the skin will aid in pathogen recognition and response.

Question 6

You have discovered a new species of bacteria that lacks peptidoglycan within its cell wall.Based on Table 4-2 (in the text) , which antimicrobial protein or peptide is the species likely to show resistance to?

Accepted Answer

A) Defensin 
B) Lactoferrin 
C) Dermcidin 
D) Surfactant protein 
E) Lysozyme 
A) Defensin 
B) Lactoferrin 
C) Dermcidin 
D) Surfactant protein 
E) Lysozyme

Question 7

How can the regulated cell death of an innate immune cell be beneficial, following activation by PAMPs?

Accepted Answer

Two answers are possible, discussing eit

Question 8

Which of these characteristics are adaptive?

Accepted Answer

A) Response takes several days to develop 
B) Responds more quickly upon secondary exposure to pathogens 
C) Pathogen receptors are extremely varied 
D) All of the answers are adaptive characteristics. 
E) None of the answers are adaptive characteristics. 
A) Response takes several days to develop 
B) Responds more quickly upon secondary exposure to pathogens 
C) Pathogen receptors are extremely varied 
D) All of the answers are adaptive characteristics. 
E) None of the answers are adaptive characteristics.

Question 9

Mouse B cells are observed to bind LPS in the laboratory.Based on this observation, which type of innate system-associated molecules are the B cells likely to be expressing that recognize LPS?

Accepted Answer

A) MHCs 
B) Antibodies 
C) Chemokines 
D) TCRs 
E) PRRs 
A) MHCs 
B) Antibodies 
C) Chemokines 
D) TCRs 
E) PRRs

Question 10

What types of cells are good targets for natural killer cells and why?

Accepted Answer

A) Bacterial cells because they contain LPS 
B) Gram-positive cells because they contain LTA 
C) Antigen presenting cells because they have high levels of costimulatory molecules 
D) Endothelial cells in inflamed tissues because they have high levels of adhesion molecules 
E) Virally infected cells because they have low levels of class I MHC 
A) Bacterial cells because they contain LPS 
B) Gram-positive cells because they contain LTA 
C) Antigen presenting cells because they have high levels of costimulatory molecules 
D) Endothelial cells in inflamed tissues because they have high levels of adhesion molecules 
E) Virally infected cells because they have low levels of class I MHC

Question 11

Which cytokine is known for its antiviral properties?

Accepted Answer

A) IL-2 
B) IL-4 
C) IFN- ? 
D) TNF- ? 
E) IL-1 
A) IL-2 
B) IL-4 
C) IFN- ? 
D) TNF- ? 
E) IL-1

Question 12

Where would you MOST likely find a TLR that recognizes RNA?

Accepted Answer

A) On the cell surface 
B) In the endosome/lysosome 
C) In the nucleus 
D) In the mitochondria 
E) In the endoplasmic reticulum 
A) On the cell surface 
B) In the endosome/lysosome 
C) In the nucleus 
D) In the mitochondria 
E) In the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

Dendritic cells present _____ antigens on class I MHC through a process known as cross presentation.

Accepted Answer

A) endogenous 
B) exogenous 
C) bacterial 
D) viral 
E) complex 
A) endogenous 
B) exogenous 
C) bacterial 
D) viral 
E) complex

Question 14

A macrophage, using TLR4, has recognized a bacterial pathogen containing LPS.Is this recognition event alone able to trigger phagocytosis? If not, can you name a PRR that can induce phagocytosis after recognition of LPS?

Accepted Answer

No.TLRs are a class of PRRs th

Question 15

Using mutagenesis, you have removed a gene essential for production of pili by Escherichia coli known to cause urinary tract infections.Would you expect the mutated bacteria to retain the capacity to cause urinary tract infections?

Accepted Answer

Probably not, as many bacteria

Question 16

A mixture of S.aureus and the enteric bacteria E.coli was placed onto the skin of the fingertips of a volunteer.The volunteer immediately touched one of their inoculated fingertips to nutrient agar plate #1 and then waited 30 minutes and touched a different inoculated finger to nutrient agar plate #2.After incubating the plates overnight, what pattern of growth would you expect to see on the plates?

Accepted Answer

A) Both E.coli and S.aureus grew on both plates. 
B) Plate #1 grew both, whereas plate #2 grew only S.aureus. 
C) Plate #1 grew both, whereas plate #2 grew only E.coli. 
D) Plate #1 grew only S.aureus, whereas plate #2 grew both. 
E) Plate #1 grew only E.coli, whereas plate #2 grew both. 
A) Both E.coli and S.aureus grew on both plates. 
B) Plate #1 grew both, whereas plate #2 grew only S.aureus. 
C) Plate #1 grew both, whereas plate #2 grew only E.coli. 
D) Plate #1 grew only S.aureus, whereas plate #2 grew both. 
E) Plate #1 grew only E.coli, whereas plate #2 grew both.

Question 17

Match the following toll-like receptors with their ligands. $\begin{array}{ll}
\text { TLR } & \text { Ligands } \
\hline \text { TLR3 } & \text { Flagellin } \
\text { TLR4 } & \text { Zymosan } \
\text { TLR5 } & \text { dsRNA } \
\text { TLR6 } & \text { CpG unmethylated dinucleotides } \
\text { TLR9 } & \text { LPS }
\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

A) TLR3/LPS; TLR4/CpG unmethylated dinucleotides; TLR5/dsRNA; TLR6/Zymosan; TLR9/Flagellin 
B) TLR3/dsRNA; TLR4/LPS; TLR5/Flagellin; TLR6/Zymosan; TLR9/CpG unmethylated dinucleotides 
C) TLR3/dsRNA; TLR4/LPS; TLR5/CpG unmethylated dinucleotides; TLR6/Flagellin; TLR9/Zymosan 
D) TLR3/CpG unmethylated dinucleotides; TLR4/Zymosan; TLR5/Flagellin; TLR6/LPS; TLR9/dsRNA 
E) TLR3/Zymosan; TLR4/LPS; TLR5/Flagellin; TLR6/dsRNA; TLR9/CpG unmethylated dinucleotides 
A) TLR3/LPS; TLR4/CpG unmethylated dinucleotides; TLR5/dsRNA; TLR6/Zymosan; TLR9/Flagellin 
B) TLR3/dsRNA; TLR4/LPS; TLR5/Flagellin; TLR6/Zymosan; TLR9/CpG unmethylated dinucleotides 
C) TLR3/dsRNA; TLR4/LPS; TLR5/CpG unmethylated dinucleotides; TLR6/Flagellin; TLR9/Zymosan 
D) TLR3/CpG unmethylated dinucleotides; TLR4/Zymosan; TLR5/Flagellin; TLR6/LPS; TLR9/dsRNA 
E) TLR3/Zymosan; TLR4/LPS; TLR5/Flagellin; TLR6/dsRNA; TLR9/CpG unmethylated dinucleotides

Question 18

Which of the following defenses is MOST likely to protect a plant from a microbial pathogen?

Accepted Answer

A) Antibodies 
B) CTL 
C) Phagocytes 
D) Reactive-oxygen species 
E) CD4 
A) Antibodies 
B) CTL 
C) Phagocytes 
D) Reactive-oxygen species 
E) CD4

Question 19

Imagine you are walking barefoot across a pasture when your foot becomes punctured with a dirty splinter.Describe the physiological and molecular changes that occur in your foot over the next few hours.

Accepted Answer

Answers may vary.Phagocytes in the area

Question 20

How can receptors of the innate immune system, such as PRRs, be considered both specific and general?

Accepted Answer

PRRs recognize molecules shared by group

Which of these characteristics are innate?

Which type of vaccine would MOST likely require an adjuvant?

How do natural killer cells kill their targets?

Which of the following is NOT usually induced in response to TLR signaling?

A bacterial pathogen has breached the skin barrier of a human.This is the first time this human host has been exposed to this particular pathogen.Which statement is NOT true regarding this situation?

You have discovered a new species of bacteria that lacks peptidoglycan within its cell wall.Based on Table 4-2 (in the text) , which antimicrobial protein or peptide is the species likely to show resistance to?

How can the regulated cell death of an innate immune cell be beneficial, following activation by PAMPs?

Which of these characteristics are adaptive?

Mouse B cells are observed to bind LPS in the laboratory.Based on this observation, which type of innate system-associated molecules are the B cells likely to be expressing that recognize LPS?

What types of cells are good targets for natural killer cells and why?

Which cytokine is known for its antiviral properties?

Where would you MOST likely find a TLR that recognizes RNA?

Dendritic cells present _____ antigens on class I MHC through a process known as cross presentation.

A macrophage, using TLR4, has recognized a bacterial pathogen containing LPS.Is this recognition event alone able to trigger phagocytosis? If not, can you name a PRR that can induce phagocytosis after recognition of LPS?

Using mutagenesis, you have removed a gene essential for production of pili by Escherichia coli known to cause urinary tract infections.Would you expect the mutated bacteria to retain the capacity to cause urinary tract infections?

Match the following toll-like receptors with their ligands. TLR Ligands TLR3 Flagellin TLR4 Zymosan TLR5 dsRNA TLR6 CpG unmethylated dinucleotides TLR9 LPS

Which of the following defenses is MOST likely to protect a plant from a microbial pathogen?

Imagine you are walking barefoot across a pasture when your foot becomes punctured with a dirty splinter.Describe the physiological and molecular changes that occur in your foot over the next few hours.

How can receptors of the innate immune system, such as PRRs, be considered both specific and general?

Overview of the Immune System

Cells, Organs, and Microenvironments of the Immune System

Recognition and Response

The Complement System

The Organization and Expression of Lymphocyte Receptor Genes

The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen Presentation

T-Cell Development

B-Cell Development

T-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

B-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

Effector Responses: Cell- and Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Mucosal Immunity and the Microbiome

The Immune Response in Time and Space

Allergy, Hypersensitivities, and Chronic Inflammation

Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Transplantation

Infectious Diseases and Vaccines

Immunodeficiency Disorders

Cancer and the Immune System

Experimental Methods and Systems

Filters

Exam 4: Innate Immunity

Which of these characteristics are innate?

Which type of vaccine would MOST likely require an adjuvant?

How do natural killer cells kill their targets?

Which of the following is NOT usually induced in response to TLR signaling?

A bacterial pathogen has breached the skin barrier of a human.This is the first time this human host has been exposed to this particular pathogen.Which statement is NOT true regarding this situation?

You have discovered a new species of bacteria that lacks peptidoglycan within its cell wall.Based on Table 4-2 (in the text) , which antimicrobial protein or peptide is the species likely to show resistance to?

How can the regulated cell death of an innate immune cell be beneficial, following activation by PAMPs?

Which of these characteristics are adaptive?

Mouse B cells are observed to bind LPS in the laboratory.Based on this observation, which type of innate system-associated molecules are the B cells likely to be expressing that recognize LPS?

What types of cells are good targets for natural killer cells and why?

Which cytokine is known for its antiviral properties?

Where would you MOST likely find a TLR that recognizes RNA?

Dendritic cells present _____ antigens on class I MHC through a process known as cross presentation.

A macrophage, using TLR4, has recognized a bacterial pathogen containing LPS.Is this recognition event alone able to trigger phagocytosis? If not, can you name a PRR that can induce phagocytosis after recognition of LPS?

Using mutagenesis, you have removed a gene essential for production of pili by Escherichia coli known to cause urinary tract infections.Would you expect the mutated bacteria to retain the capacity to cause urinary tract infections?

Match the following toll-like receptors with their ligands. TLR Ligands TLR3 Flagellin TLR4 Zymosan TLR5 dsRNA TLR6 CpG unmethylated dinucleotides TLR9 LPS

Which of the following defenses is MOST likely to protect a plant from a microbial pathogen?

Imagine you are walking barefoot across a pasture when your foot becomes punctured with a dirty splinter.Describe the physiological and molecular changes that occur in your foot over the next few hours.

How can receptors of the innate immune system, such as PRRs, be considered both specific and general?

Overview of the Immune System

Cells, Organs, and Microenvironments of the Immune System

Recognition and Response

The Complement System

The Organization and Expression of Lymphocyte Receptor Genes

The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen Presentation

T-Cell Development

B-Cell Development

T-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

B-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

Effector Responses: Cell- and Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Mucosal Immunity and the Microbiome

The Immune Response in Time and Space

Allergy, Hypersensitivities, and Chronic Inflammation

Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Transplantation

Infectious Diseases and Vaccines

Immunodeficiency Disorders

Cancer and the Immune System

Experimental Methods and Systems

Filters