Exam 7: Learning From Experience

Studies with animals in the laboratory have shown that aggressive behavior is often a consequence of punishment procedures.

Food is an example of a:

Outline the key components in the definition of learning.

Explain the Law of Effect and how it was demonstrated by Thorndike.Why is the term "reinforcement" now used rather than Thorndike's original terminology?

Jan never used to worry about driving in the snow until she skidded off the highway one morning during a heavy snowfall.As the back end of the car started to fishtail, Jan's heart started to race and she became terrified.Now she finds that just getting into her car when there is snow falling causes her to become extremely agitated.In this example of classical conditioning, the car sliding on the icy roadway is:

Conditioned reinforcers are stimuli that can act like reinforcers even though they may appear to have little or no direct value.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, after the dog learned the association, the bell functioned as which of the following:

Eugene was autistic and wouldn't speak to anyone.A therapist who was working with Eugene initially gave him a cookie every time he made any sound at all.This switched to only giving cookies when Eugene said a complete word, and eventually only for complete sentences.Based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that the therapist developed Eugene's speech skills using the process known as:

Pavlov was convinced that:

With operant conditioning organisms learn that their own actions, rather than conditioned stimuli, lead to the outcomes they experience.

With blocking, organisms learn that an event signals the absence or nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus.

Mike used to really enjoy potato salad, and at a family reunion he ate a large helping.Unfortunately, the potato salad had not been properly refrigerated, and Mike became quite ill after eating it.Now he finds that even the sight of potato salad in the school cafeteria can make him feel sick to his stomach.In this example of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is:

According to the theory that drug tolerance develops through classical conditioning, the body produces an unconditioned response that counteracts the physical effects of a drug.

Theresa was very nervous as she stepped up to the free-throw line in her first college basketball game.She carefully bounced the ball three times, snapped her gum twice, and tossed the ball.It sailed in for a basket.Now Theresa ensures that she bounces the ball exactly three times and snaps her gum before every free throw, and she makes about 70% of her shots.Based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that Theresa's behavior best illustrates the concept referred to as:

Bandura has claimed that responses acquired through observational learning are especially strengthened through:

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is:

We rely on orienting responses to help:

You are watching a pigeon pecking a key for food reinforcement.The pigeon pecks the key at a very high, steady rate and does not stop, even when the food is delivered.Based on what is known about the pattern of responding produced by various schedules of reinforcement, you should conclude that the reinforcement schedule that is in place for this pigeon is a:

Whenever Bhavin left his homework at school, he lost his computer privileges for two days.Bhavin forgets his homework much less often now.Losing computer privileges is an example of:

According to ____________________, the discriminative stimulus sets the occasion for a response to be rewarded.