Exam 7: Learning From Experience

Miroslav is training to be a telephone salesperson.Initially, his boss pays Miroslav for every phone call that he makes.Later, Miroslav only gets paid if the customer requests an information package, and eventually he will only be paid if he actually closes the sale.Based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that Miroslav's telephone sales skills are being developed using the process known as:

Operant conditioning is important because it is adaptive to:

With operant conditioning, if a response will only be reinforced after a specified, unchanging number of responses has previously been made, the reinforcement schedule that is in place is referred to as a:

Valerie used to leave her room really messy and not make her bed.A month ago, her parents got tired of cleaning up after her and cut off Valerie's allowance until she stopped leaving her room in such a mess.Now, Valerie almost always has her room clean before she leaves the house.Based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that for Valerie, losing her allowance acted as a:

In learning theory, vicarious punishment is used to describe situations where a behavioral response becomes:

Wayne used to drool at the smell of chocolate chip cookies as they baked, and he couldn't wait to sink his teeth into that first cookie.However, Wayne's newest roommate makes terrible chocolate chip cookies, and the smell of them baking is no longer associated with a wonderful taste experience.Consequently, Wayne finds that the smell of the cookies no longer makes him drool in anticipation.Wayne's change in responsiveness to the smell of chocolate chip cookies illustrates the classical conditioning process referred to as:

Generally, sensitization is more likely when a repeated stimulus is intense or punishing.

"If a response in a particular situation is followed by a pleasant consequence, the connection between the response and situation will be strengthened" is a statement of the:

Classical conditioning involves learning that one event signals another.

Sarah used to like strawberries and tried some frozen strawberry daiquiris one night.After the sixth daiquiri, Sarah became extremely ill.Now Sarah finds that even the smell of strawberries can make her feel nauseated.In this example of classical conditioning, the conditioned response is:

The small helmet decals given to football players who have an outstanding performance are examples of:

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner studied stimulus generalization by applying the principles of classical conditioning to an infant known as:

Alejandro's mirror neurons are involved in his learning of a new behavior.He is probably learning through:

Anita is an author who submits short poems to magazines.She never knows for sure which poems will be selected for publication, but the more poems she submits, the more likely she is to have a poem accepted.Based on what is known about schedules of reinforcement, you should conclude that Anita's submission of poems is being reinforced based on a:

Describe how second-order conditioning can occur.

Classical conditioning is useful because it is adaptive to:

Compare and contrast the processes of positive and negative reinforcement, focusing on the effects each has on behavior.

One Saturday, Adolf was sitting at home when the telephone rang.A local company was making promotional calls and told Adolf he had just won a $1,000 gift certificate.He felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what he could do with $1,000.Now Adolf finds that whenever he hears a telephone ring, he feels a small surge of excitement.In this example of classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is:

Susan remembered that when her infant daughter first saw a set of keys, she stared at them intensely.However, as she looked at them longer, she became used to them and seemed to no longer find them interesting.This change in responsiveness illustrates the learning process known as:

An automatic shift of attention toward novel events is referred to as: