Exam 7: Learning From Experience

Little Albert was conditioned to fear white rats when the appearance of the white rat was always followed by a loud noise.When Little Albert saw a rabbit for the first time, he showed a similar fear response.Little Albert's fear of rabbits illustrates the classical conditioning process referred to as:

Which form of learning helps us notice the new and unusual?

According to the theory of operant conditioning, when the presentation of a stimulus, after a response has occurred, decreases the likelihood of the response's occurring again, the process that is at work is referred to as:

Marcel runs a carpet cleaning business, and he asks his clients to pay for each square foot of carpet that is cleaned, rather than paying an hourly rate for having their carpets done.Based on what is known about schedules of reinforcement, you should conclude that Marcel prefers to work when he is being reinforced on a:

Manfred has been trying to study for the past hour, but his neighbor is working on a building project.At first, Manfred found the sound of the pneumatic hammer was mildly irritating, but now he finds it extremely distracting.To Manfred, it seems as though the noise from the hammer is actually getting louder over time.Manfred's change in responsiveness illustrates the learning process known as:

Positive punishment leads to an increase in the tendency to produce a specific response.

At Jamie's birthday party when he was six, he became nauseated and threw up just as everyone at the party was singing "Happy Birthday" to him.Even now as an adult, Jamie starts to feel queasy anytime he hears the song.His queasiness is the result of:

In learning theory, ____________________ refers to when a behavioral response becomes stronger after an individual observes a model being rewarded for the same behavior.

Learning that an event signals the absence of the unconditioned stimulus is called ____________________.

In a variable-ratio schedule, a response will only be reinforced after a(n) ____________________ number of responses have been made.

A monkey has learned through classical conditioning that if a buzzer sounds it's feeding time.When the buzzer sounds, the monkey runs rapidly to where the bananas will be placed in the cage.A bell is now paired repeatedly with the buzzer, but the monkey continues to respond only to the buzzer.This is because of the phenomenon known as:

How does classical conditioning explain the development of drug tolerance? What factors combine to make it likely an overdose might occur?

Define the four main components in classical conditioning.Provide an example that illustrates classical condition.Identify the components as they apply to the example.

Nicole was having dinner at Appleby's with her boyfriend last year.When their food arrived, he and she began to argue.The argument was serious and continued the entire evening.Now Nicole finds that every time she is in Appleby's, she begins to feel tense and upset.In this example of classical conditioning, being in Appleby's is:

Thorndike's ____________________ states that "if a response is followed by a satisfying consequence, it will be strengthened; if followed by an unsatisfying consequence, it will be weakened.

Describe how you might use operant conditioning techniques to establish a new behavior.

A reinforcement schedule in which a response is followed by reinforcement every time the response occurs is referred to as a:

In operant conditioning, shaping involves:

Lionel never used to worry about driving in the snow until he skidded off the highway one morning during a heavy snowfall.As the back end of the car started to fishtail, Lionel's heart started to race and he became terrified.Now he finds that just getting into his car when there is snow falling causes him to become extremely agitated.In this example of classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is:

You are watching a pigeon pecking a key for food reinforcement.The pigeon pecks at a fairly slow rate, but with no noticeable pauses or changes in pecking rate.Based on what is known about the pattern of responding produced by various schedules of reinforcement, you should conclude that the reinforcement schedule that is in place for this pigeon is a: