Exam 29: Conditioning and Learning: Classical Conditioning

Advertisers often try to use higher-order conditioning by pairing images that evoke good feelings with pictures of their products.

In Pavlov's experiments,the meat powder (food)placed on the dog's tongue was the

During classical conditioning,the sound of a clap is paired with a puff of air as air is delivered to the eye.The clap is referred to as the _______ stimulus.

During a conditioned emotional response,which area of the brain becomes more active and produces feelings of fear?

Mike and Jeff are brothers who have just moved with their parents into a beautiful old house.Mike soon discovers that if he flushes the toilet while Jeff is taking a shower,it will cause the water in the shower to become scalding hot.Naturally,Jeff screams as his reflexes cause him to leap backward in pain.After Mike has repeated this procedure several times,Jeff has begun to twitch involuntarily every time he hears any toilet flush.In this example,jumping backward to the pain of the hot water would be the

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs,the unconditioned stimulus was the

Developing a fear of sharks after watching a movie that depicts "man­eating sharks" would have to take place through vicarious classical conditioning.

One of the most common mistakes people make with pets (especially dogs)is hitting them if they do not come when called.Thus,"calling" the animal becomes which of the following for fear and withdrawal?

Mitzi is extremely afraid of cats because she was badly scratched by one when she was younger.Abby is also afraid of cats,although she has never been scratched by one.However,Abby's mother is also afraid of cats. a()Explain the way that Mitzi developed her phobia,using the US,UR,CS,and CR. b()Explain the way Abby developed her phobia. c()Describe how both of these women could overcome their phobias.

After pairing the conditioned stimulus (CS)and unconditioned stimulus (US)in a series of conditioning trials,the organism learns to respond to the CS alone.This learned behavior is then termed the

For optimal conditioning,the minimum delay between the CS and US should be

Regarding the informational view,which of the following statements is FALSE?

The learned ability to respond differently to various stimuli is known as

Justin became fearful of doctors and nurses because doctors and nurses were paired with painful shots.Justin's doctor has his office in a round brick building.Now any round brick building will elicit fear and crying from Justin. Becoming fearful of round brick buildings because they were associated with his doctor is an example of

To observe conditioning,one could ring a bell and squirt lemon juice into Johnny's mouth.By repeating this procedure several times,you could condition Johnny to salivate to the bell.Conditioning will be most rapid if the US follows immediately after the CS.In this example,the US would be

When the conditioned stimulus (CS)is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US),which of the following will eventually occur?

Emotional reactions to objects and events are sometimes learned as a result of observing others rather than through direct experiences.This phenomenon is called

Tamara is deathly afraid of coming in contact with germs.So,her therapist gradually exposes Tamara to "unclean" things,such as touching dirt or taking a bite of an unwashed piece of fruit,while in a calm,relaxed,and supportive environment.This technique is known as

Three-year-old Johnny was classically conditioned to salivate to a bell that was paired with lemon juice.After this conditioned response was extinguished,the experimenter presented the bell the following day,and Johnny responded by salivating again to the bell,at least at first.Johnny's return to the learned response is known as

Little Armondo is afraid of dogs.He also shows a fear of other furry animals,such as cats and rabbits.Armondo is exhibiting simulus _______.