Exam 7: Section 3: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, a talented musician would probably also have high scores on tests of linguistic and intrapersonal intelligence because of the interdependence of multiple intelligences.

According to the In Focus box on neurodiversity, intellectual disability is a condition in which an individual's IQ score is 70 or below.

Functional fixedness is a tendency to view objects as only functioning in their usual or customary way.

When reminded of the "elderly as wise" stereotype, senior adults scored higher on a memory test than those who were not reminded of that positive stereotype. This is an example of stereotype lift.

When reminded of the stereotype of the "elderly as forgetful," older adults scored lower on a memory test than a matched group not given that reminder. This is an example of neurotypical threat.

Comparative cognition is a field of psychology that focuses on cross-cultural research on problem solving, language, and intelligence.

When tests were described as measuring intelligence, the following results occurred: Hispanic students performed more poorly than white students, children from low socioeconomic backgrounds performed more poorly than students from higher socioeconomic backgrounds, and social science majors scored lower than natural science majors. These examples all illustrate stereotype threat.

Alyssa goes shopping for bath soap. After looking at all of the different choices, Alyssa decides to choose the soap with the most cocoa butter in it. Alyssa is using the single-feature model of decision making.

An aptitude test is designed to measure a person's capacity to benefit from education or training.

In Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, creative intelligence refers to the ability to deal with novel situations by drawing on existing skills and knowledge.

The original WAIS test was designed to measure the mental abilities of children, while the Stanford-Binet test was originally developed to measure the mental abilities of adults.

Heritability estimates can be applied to differences within groups but not to differences between groups, because each group experiences different environmental factors.

A key advantage of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test over the WAIS is that the Stanford-Binet provides scores on 11 subtests that measure different abilities rather than simply a global IQ score.

While evaluating evidence that seems to confirm a hoped-for finding, people may overlook flaws in the research or argument. This is an example of the wishful thinking bias.

The term mental set refers to a particular decision-making strategy that is most often used under conditions of uncertainty.

The confirmation bias is the tendency to search for information or evidence that confirms a belief, while making little or no effort to search for information that might disprove the belief.

The three basic requirements of a scientifically acceptable achievement, aptitude, or intelligence test are standardization, reliability, and validity.

Research conducted by Lewis Terman indicated that differences in success among adults once considered highly intelligent children were attributable to personality factors.

Cross-cultural research, such as on the Burakamin people of Japan, have shown that members of stigmatized social groups tend to score 10 to 15 points lower on IQ tests than members of the dominant social group, even when they share the same racial or ethnic background.

One day Lacey had an intuitive hunch that she would hear from an old grade-school friend and sure enough, her friend e-mailed her. Lacey is now convinced that she is psychic. This is an example of the fallacy of positive instances.