Question 1

What is true of the deuterostomes in the molecular phylogeny (B) that is not true in the traditional phylogeny (A)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Deuterostomia is paraphyletic. 
B)  To maintain Deuterostomia as a clade, some phyla had to be removed from it. 
C)  Deuterostomia now includes the Acoela. 
D)  It is actually a grade, rather than a clade. 
E)  It diverged from the rest of the Bilateria earlier than did the Acoela. 
A)  Deuterostomia is paraphyletic. 
B)  To maintain Deuterostomia as a clade, some phyla had to be removed from it. 
C)  Deuterostomia now includes the Acoela. 
D)  It is actually a grade, rather than a clade. 
E)  It diverged from the rest of the Bilateria earlier than did the Acoela. B

Question 2

Evidence indicates that an ancestral finch species from South America arrived on the Galapágos Islands and formed many new species, adapting to the diverse environments on the islands. With the evolution of these new bird species on the Galapágos Islands, we expect to find a corresponding

Accepted Answer

A)  increase in the number of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands. 
B)  decrease in the number of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands. 
C)  increase in the number of bird parasites in South America. 
D)  decrease in the number of bird parasites in South America. 
E)  elimination of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands. 
A)  increase in the number of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands. 
B)  decrease in the number of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands. 
C)  increase in the number of bird parasites in South America. 
D)  decrease in the number of bird parasites in South America. 
E)  elimination of bird parasites on the Galapágos Islands. A

Question 3

Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough?

Accepted Answer

A)  It has a shell that increases gas exchange. 
B)  It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment. 
C)  It prolongs embryonic development. 
D)  It provides insulation to conserve heat. 
E)  It permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization. 
A)  It has a shell that increases gas exchange. 
B)  It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment. 
C)  It prolongs embryonic development. 
D)  It provides insulation to conserve heat. 
E)  It permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization. B

Question 4

A: Morphological phylogeny.
   B: Molecular phylogeny.
-Which of the following is a point of conflict between the phylogenetic analyses presented in these two figures?

Accepted Answer

A)  the relationship of taxa of segmented animals to taxa of nonsegmented animals 
B)  that sponges are basal animals 
C)  that chordates are deuterostomes 
D)  the monophyly of the bilaterians 
E)  the monophyly of the animal kingdom 
A)  the relationship of taxa of segmented animals to taxa of nonsegmented animals 
B)  that sponges are basal animals 
C)  that chordates are deuterostomes 
D)  the monophyly of the bilaterians 
E)  the monophyly of the animal kingdom

Question 5

Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific). 1. lobe-fins
2) amphibians
3) gnathostomes
4) osteichthyans
5) tetrapods

Accepted Answer

A)  4, 3, 1, 5, 2 
B)  4, 3, 2, 5, 1 
C)  4, 2, 3, 5, 1 
D)  3, 4, 1, 5, 2 
E)  3, 4, 5, 1, 2 
A)  4, 3, 1, 5, 2 
B)  4, 3, 2, 5, 1 
C)  4, 2, 3, 5, 1 
D)  3, 4, 1, 5, 2 
E)  3, 4, 5, 1, 2

Question 6

Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?

Accepted Answer

A)  a mineralized, bony skeleton 
B)  opercula 
C)  bony fin rays 
D)  a spiral valve intestine 
E)  a swim bladder 
A)  a mineralized, bony skeleton 
B)  opercula 
C)  bony fin rays 
D)  a spiral valve intestine 
E)  a swim bladder

Question 7

Which of the following statements would be least acceptable to most zoologists?

Accepted Answer

A)  The extant lancelets are contemporaries, not ancestors, of vertebrates. 
B)  The first fossils resembling lancelets appeared in the fossil record around 530 million years ago. 
C)  Recent work in molecular systematics supports the hypothesis that lancelets are the basal clade of chordates. 
D)  The extant lancelets are the immediate ancestors of the fishes. 
E)  Lancelets display the same method of swimming as do fishes. 
A)  The extant lancelets are contemporaries, not ancestors, of vertebrates. 
B)  The first fossils resembling lancelets appeared in the fossil record around 530 million years ago. 
C)  Recent work in molecular systematics supports the hypothesis that lancelets are the basal clade of chordates. 
D)  The extant lancelets are the immediate ancestors of the fishes. 
E)  Lancelets display the same method of swimming as do fishes.

Question 8

A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental muscles from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison's effectiveness in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced?

Accepted Answer

A)  A chemical poisonous to lampreys could not also be toxic to organisms as ancestral as lancelets. 
B)  Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms. 
C)  Lancelets do not have segmental muscles. 
D)  Lancelets live only in saltwater environments. 
E)  Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food. 
A)  A chemical poisonous to lampreys could not also be toxic to organisms as ancestral as lancelets. 
B)  Lamprey larvae and lancelets have very different feeding mechanisms. 
C)  Lancelets do not have segmental muscles. 
D)  Lancelets live only in saltwater environments. 
E)  Lancelets and lamprey larvae eat different kinds of food.

Question 9

In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian?

Accepted Answer

A)  amoebocyte 
B)  choanocyte 
C)  epidermal cell 
D)  pore cell 
A)  amoebocyte 
B)  choanocyte 
C)  epidermal cell 
D)  pore cell

Question 10

Which of these would a paleontologist be most likely to do in order to determine whether a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal?

Accepted Answer

A)  Look for the presence of milk-producing glands. 
B)  Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm. 
C)  Because mammals are eutherians, look for evidence of a placenta. 
D)  Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin. 
E)  Examine the teeth. 
A)  Look for the presence of milk-producing glands. 
B)  Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm. 
C)  Because mammals are eutherians, look for evidence of a placenta. 
D)  Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin. 
E)  Examine the teeth.

Question 11

The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function?

Accepted Answer

A)  reproduction 
B)  feeding 
C)  locomotion 
D)  defense 
E)  respiration 
A)  reproduction 
B)  feeding 
C)  locomotion 
D)  defense 
E)  respiration

Question 12

Sponges are most accurately described as

Accepted Answer

A)  marine predators. 
B)  chemoautrophs. 
C)  freshwater scavengers. 
D)  filter feeders. 
E)  aquatic predators. 
A)  marine predators. 
B)  chemoautrophs. 
C)  freshwater scavengers. 
D)  filter feeders. 
E)  aquatic predators.

Question 13

If the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is well substantiated in the future, then what will be true of any contrary evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil record?

Accepted Answer

A)  The contrary fossil evidence will be seen as a hoax. 
B)  The fossil evidence will be understood to have been interpreted incorrectly because it is incomplete. 
C)  The fossil record will henceforth be ignored. 
D)  Phylogenies involving even the smallest bit of fossil evidence will need to be discarded. 
E)  Only phylogenies based solely on fossil evidence will need to be discarded. 
A)  The contrary fossil evidence will be seen as a hoax. 
B)  The fossil evidence will be understood to have been interpreted incorrectly because it is incomplete. 
C)  The fossil record will henceforth be ignored. 
D)  Phylogenies involving even the smallest bit of fossil evidence will need to be discarded. 
E)  Only phylogenies based solely on fossil evidence will need to be discarded.

Question 14

In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal?

Accepted Answer

A)  chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals 
B)  amphibians, mammals, and reptiles 
C)  chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles 
D)  reptiles and mammals 
E)  reptiles and amphibians 
A)  chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals 
B)  amphibians, mammals, and reptiles 
C)  chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and reptiles 
D)  reptiles and mammals 
E)  reptiles and amphibians

Question 15

Which clade in the phylum Cnidaria includes "jellies" with rounded (as opposed to boxlike) medusae?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hydrozoa 
B)  Scyphozoa 
C)  Anthozoa 
D)  Cubozoa 
A)  Hydrozoa 
B)  Scyphozoa 
C)  Anthozoa 
D)  Cubozoa

Question 16

Which of the following is a diploblastic phylum of aquatic predators?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cnidaria 
B)  Annelida 
C)  Mollusca 
D)  Arthropoda 
E)  Echinodermata 
A)  Cnidaria 
B)  Annelida 
C)  Mollusca 
D)  Arthropoda 
E)  Echinodermata

Question 17

Which of these are amniotes?

Accepted Answer

A)  amphibians 
B)  fishes 
C)  mammals 
D)  placental mammals only 
E)  egg-laying mammals only 
A)  amphibians 
B)  fishes 
C)  mammals 
D)  placental mammals only 
E)  egg-laying mammals only

Question 18

On the basis of the information in the previous paragraph, which of these should be able to be observed in Tp?

Accepted Answer

A)  the act of fertilization 
B)  the process of gastrulation 
C)  eggs 
D)  All three of the responses above are correct. 
E)  Two of the responses above are correct. 
A)  the act of fertilization 
B)  the process of gastrulation 
C)  eggs 
D)  All three of the responses above are correct. 
E)  Two of the responses above are correct.

Question 19

The decline of cyanobacteria in the early Cambrian oceans was most likely related to

Accepted Answer

A)  the movement of animals onto land. 
B)  the evolution of land plants. 
C)  an increase in the number of predatory fish. 
D)  an increase in filter-feeding organisms. 
E)  a decline in the number of marine decomposers. 
A)  the movement of animals onto land. 
B)  the evolution of land plants. 
C)  an increase in the number of predatory fish. 
D)  an increase in filter-feeding organisms. 
E)  a decline in the number of marine decomposers.

Question 20

A brachiopod can be distinguished from a bivalve by the presence of

Accepted Answer

A)  two hinged shells. 
B)  a digestive system with separate mouth and anus. 
C)  a lophophore. 
D)  suspension feeding. 
E)  a distinct head. 
A)  two hinged shells. 
B)  a digestive system with separate mouth and anus. 
C)  a lophophore. 
D)  suspension feeding. 
E)  a distinct head.

Exam 27: The Rise of Animal Diversity

What is true of the deuterostomes in the molecular phylogeny (B) that is not true in the traditional phylogeny (A)?

Evidence indicates that an ancestral finch species from South America arrived on the Galapágos Islands and formed many new species, adapting to the diverse environments on the islands. With the evolution of these new bird species on the Galapágos Islands, we expect to find a corresponding

Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough?

A: Morphological phylogeny. B: Molecular phylogeny. -Which of the following is a point of conflict between the phylogenetic analyses presented in these two figures?

Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific). 1. lobe-fins 2) amphibians 3) gnathostomes 4) osteichthyans 5) tetrapods

Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?

Which of the following statements would be least acceptable to most zoologists?

In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian?

Which of these would a paleontologist be most likely to do in order to determine whether a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal?

The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function?

Sponges are most accurately described as

If the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is well substantiated in the future, then what will be true of any contrary evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil record?

In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal?

Which clade in the phylum Cnidaria includes "jellies" with rounded (as opposed to boxlike) medusae?

Which of the following is a diploblastic phylum of aquatic predators?

Which of these are amniotes?

On the basis of the information in the previous paragraph, which of these should be able to be observed in Tp?

The decline of cyanobacteria in the early Cambrian oceans was most likely related to

A brachiopod can be distinguished from a bivalve by the presence of

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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