Question 1

Prior to ovulation, the primary steroid hormone secreted by the growing follicle is

Accepted Answer

A)  LH. 
B)  FSH. 
C)  inhibin. 
D)  GnRH. 
E)  estradiol. 
A)  LH. 
B)  FSH. 
C)  inhibin. 
D)  GnRH. 
E)  estradiol. E

Question 2

A reproductive hormone that is secreted directly from a structure in the brain is

Accepted Answer

A)  testosterone. 
B)  estradiol. 
C)  progesterone. 
D)  follicle-stimulating hormone. 
E)  gonadotropin-releasing hormone. 
A)  testosterone. 
B)  estradiol. 
C)  progesterone. 
D)  follicle-stimulating hormone. 
E)  gonadotropin-releasing hormone. E

Question 3

One of the evolutionary "enigmas," or unsolved puzzles, of sexual reproduction is that

Accepted Answer

A)  sexual reproduction allows for more rapid population growth than does asexual reproduction. 
B)  only half of the offspring from sexually reproducing females are also females. 
C)  asexual reproduction produces offspring of greater genetic variety. 
D)  sexual reproduction is completed more rapidly than asexual reproduction. 
E)  asexual reproduction is better suited to environments with extremely varying conditions. 
A)  sexual reproduction allows for more rapid population growth than does asexual reproduction. 
B)  only half of the offspring from sexually reproducing females are also females. 
C)  asexual reproduction produces offspring of greater genetic variety. 
D)  sexual reproduction is completed more rapidly than asexual reproduction. 
E)  asexual reproduction is better suited to environments with extremely varying conditions. B

Question 4

In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that

Accepted Answer

A)  oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity, whereas spermatogenesis begins during embryonic development. 
B)  oogenesis produces four haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only one functional spermatozoon. 
C)  cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis. 
D)  oogenesis ends at menopause, whereas spermatogenesis is finished before birth. 
E)  spermatogenesis is not completed until after fertilization occurs, but oogenesis is completed by the time a girl is born. 
A)  oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity, whereas spermatogenesis begins during embryonic development. 
B)  oogenesis produces four haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only one functional spermatozoon. 
C)  cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis. 
D)  oogenesis ends at menopause, whereas spermatogenesis is finished before birth. 
E)  spermatogenesis is not completed until after fertilization occurs, but oogenesis is completed by the time a girl is born.

Question 5

The cortical reaction functions directly in the

Accepted Answer

A)  formation of a fertilization envelope. 
B)  production of a fast block to polyspermy. 
C)  release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm cell. 
D)  generation of a nerve-like impulse by the egg cell. 
E)  fusion of egg and sperm nuclei. 
A)  formation of a fertilization envelope. 
B)  production of a fast block to polyspermy. 
C)  release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm cell. 
D)  generation of a nerve-like impulse by the egg cell. 
E)  fusion of egg and sperm nuclei.

Question 6

At the time of implantation, the human embryo is called a

Accepted Answer

A)  blastocyst. 
B)  gastrula. 
C)  fetus. 
D)  somite. 
E)  zygote. 
A)  blastocyst. 
B)  gastrula. 
C)  fetus. 
D)  somite. 
E)  zygote.

Question 7

Genetic mutations in asexually reproducing organisms lead to more evolutionary change than do genetic mutations in sexually reproducing ones because

Accepted Answer

A)  asexually reproducing organisms, but not sexually reproducing organisms, pass all mutations on to their offspring. 
B)  asexually reproducing organisms devote more time and energy to the process of reproduction than do sexually reproducing organisms. 
C)  sexually reproducing organisms can produce more offspring in a given time than can sexually reproducing organisms. 
D)  more genetic variation is present in organisms that reproduce asexually than is present in those that reproduce sexually. 
E)  asexually reproducing organisms have more dominant genes than organisms that reproduce sexually. 
A)  asexually reproducing organisms, but not sexually reproducing organisms, pass all mutations on to their offspring. 
B)  asexually reproducing organisms devote more time and energy to the process of reproduction than do sexually reproducing organisms. 
C)  sexually reproducing organisms can produce more offspring in a given time than can sexually reproducing organisms. 
D)  more genetic variation is present in organisms that reproduce asexually than is present in those that reproduce sexually. 
E)  asexually reproducing organisms have more dominant genes than organisms that reproduce sexually.

Question 8

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the secretion of FSH is

Accepted Answer

A)  luteinizing hormone (LH). 
B)  estradiol. 
C)  progesterone. 
D)  human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). 
E)  gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). 
A)  luteinizing hormone (LH). 
B)  estradiol. 
C)  progesterone. 
D)  human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). 
E)  gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Question 9

The hormone progesterone is produced in the

Accepted Answer

A)  pituitary and acts directly on the ovary. 
B)  uterus and acts directly on the pituitary. 
C)  ovary and acts directly on the uterus. 
D)  pituitary and acts directly on the uterus. 
A)  pituitary and acts directly on the ovary. 
B)  uterus and acts directly on the pituitary. 
C)  ovary and acts directly on the uterus. 
D)  pituitary and acts directly on the uterus.

Question 10

In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are

Accepted Answer

A)  menstrual → ovulation → luteal. 
B)  follicular → luteal → secretory. 
C)  menstrual → proliferative → secretory. 
D)  follicular → ovulation → luteal. 
E)  proliferative → luteal → ovulation. 
A)  menstrual → ovulation → luteal. 
B)  follicular → luteal → secretory. 
C)  menstrual → proliferative → secretory. 
D)  follicular → ovulation → luteal. 
E)  proliferative → luteal → ovulation.

Question 11

In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation become

Accepted Answer

A)  the ovarian endometrium that is shed at the time of the menses. 
B)  a steroid-hormone-synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum. 
C)  the thickened portion of the uterine wall. 
D)  swept into the fallopian tube. 
E)  the placenta, which secretes cervical mucus. 
A)  the ovarian endometrium that is shed at the time of the menses. 
B)  a steroid-hormone-synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum. 
C)  the thickened portion of the uterine wall. 
D)  swept into the fallopian tube. 
E)  the placenta, which secretes cervical mucus.

Question 12

The use of birth control pills (oral contraceptives)

Accepted Answer

A)  reduces the incidence of ovulation. 
B)  prevents fertilization by keeping the sperm and egg physically separated by a mechanical barrier. 
C)  prevents implantation of an embryo. 
D)  prevents sperm from exiting the male urethra. 
E)  prevents oocytes from entering the uterus. 
A)  reduces the incidence of ovulation. 
B)  prevents fertilization by keeping the sperm and egg physically separated by a mechanical barrier. 
C)  prevents implantation of an embryo. 
D)  prevents sperm from exiting the male urethra. 
E)  prevents oocytes from entering the uterus.

Question 13

An advantage of asexual reproduction is that it

Accepted Answer

A)  allows the species to endure long periods of unstable environmental conditions. 
B)  enhances genetic variability in the species. 
C)  enables the species to rapidly colonize habitats that are favorable to that species. 
D)  produces offspring that respond effectively to new pathogens. 
E)  allows a species to easily rid itself of harmful mutations. 
A)  allows the species to endure long periods of unstable environmental conditions. 
B)  enhances genetic variability in the species. 
C)  enables the species to rapidly colonize habitats that are favorable to that species. 
D)  produces offspring that respond effectively to new pathogens. 
E)  allows a species to easily rid itself of harmful mutations.

Question 14

The primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that

Accepted Answer

A)  the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed, whereas the shed endometrium of menstrual cycles is excreted from the body. 
B)  behavioral changes during estrous cycles are much less apparent than those of menstrual cycles. 
C)  season and climate have less pronounced effects on estrous cycles than they do on menstrual cycles. 
D)  copulation normally occurs across the estrous cycle, whereas in menstrual cycles copulation only occurs during the period surrounding ovulation. 
E)  most estrous cycles are of much longer duration compared to menstrual cycles. 
A)  the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed, whereas the shed endometrium of menstrual cycles is excreted from the body. 
B)  behavioral changes during estrous cycles are much less apparent than those of menstrual cycles. 
C)  season and climate have less pronounced effects on estrous cycles than they do on menstrual cycles. 
D)  copulation normally occurs across the estrous cycle, whereas in menstrual cycles copulation only occurs during the period surrounding ovulation. 
E)  most estrous cycles are of much longer duration compared to menstrual cycles.

Question 15

The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is

Accepted Answer

A)  endoderm → ectoderm → mesoderm. 
B)  mesoderm → endoderm → ectoderm. 
C)  ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm. 
D)  ectoderm → endoderm → mesoderm. 
E)  endoderm → mesoderm → ectoderm. 
A)  endoderm → ectoderm → mesoderm. 
B)  mesoderm → endoderm → ectoderm. 
C)  ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm. 
D)  ectoderm → endoderm → mesoderm. 
E)  endoderm → mesoderm → ectoderm.

Question 16

The junction of the upper vagina and the uterus is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  fallopian tube. 
B)  clitoris. 
C)  oviduct. 
D)  labia majora. 
E)  cervix. 
A)  fallopian tube. 
B)  clitoris. 
C)  oviduct. 
D)  labia majora. 
E)  cervix.

Question 17

Which of the following patterns of reproduction are found only among invertebrate animals?

Accepted Answer

A)  sexual and asexual reproduction 
B)  external and internal fertilization 
C)  hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis 
D)  pheromonal and hormonal coordination 
E)  fission and budding 
A)  sexual and asexual reproduction 
B)  external and internal fertilization 
C)  hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis 
D)  pheromonal and hormonal coordination 
E)  fission and budding

Question 18

Sexual reproduction

Accepted Answer

A)  allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions. 
B)  can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment. 
C)  yields more numerous offspring more rapidly than is possible with asexual reproduction. 
D)  enables males and females to remain isolated from each other while rapidly colonizing habitats. 
E)  guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring. 
A)  allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions. 
B)  can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment. 
C)  yields more numerous offspring more rapidly than is possible with asexual reproduction. 
D)  enables males and females to remain isolated from each other while rapidly colonizing habitats. 
E)  guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring.

Question 19

Human trophoblasts

Accepted Answer

A)  form the inner cell mass. 
B)  form from ectoderm. 
C)  are the precursors of the mesoderm. 
D)  are of embryonic origin and function in embryo nutrition. 
E)  are of maternal origin and function in embryo gas exchange. 
A)  form the inner cell mass. 
B)  form from ectoderm. 
C)  are the precursors of the mesoderm. 
D)  are of embryonic origin and function in embryo nutrition. 
E)  are of maternal origin and function in embryo gas exchange.

Question 20

During fertilization, the acrosomal contents

Accepted Answer

A)  block polyspermy. 
B)  help propel more sperm toward the egg. 
C)  digest the protective jelly coat on the surface of the egg. 
D)  nourish the mitochondria of the sperm. 
E)  trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm. 
A)  block polyspermy. 
B)  help propel more sperm toward the egg. 
C)  digest the protective jelly coat on the surface of the egg. 
D)  nourish the mitochondria of the sperm. 
E)  trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm.

Exam 36: Reproduction and Development

Prior to ovulation, the primary steroid hormone secreted by the growing follicle is

A reproductive hormone that is secreted directly from a structure in the brain is

One of the evolutionary "enigmas," or unsolved puzzles, of sexual reproduction is that

In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that

The cortical reaction functions directly in the

At the time of implantation, the human embryo is called a

Genetic mutations in asexually reproducing organisms lead to more evolutionary change than do genetic mutations in sexually reproducing ones because

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the secretion of FSH is

The hormone progesterone is produced in the

In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are

In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation become

The use of birth control pills (oral contraceptives)

An advantage of asexual reproduction is that it

The primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that

The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is

The junction of the upper vagina and the uterus is called the

Which of the following patterns of reproduction are found only among invertebrate animals?

Sexual reproduction

Human trophoblasts

During fertilization, the acrosomal contents

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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