Question 1

When the spliceosome binds to this transcript, where can it attach?

Accepted Answer

A)  to the exons 
B)  to the 5' UTR 
C)  to the 3' UTR 
D)  to an adjacent intron and exon 
E)  at certain sites along an intron 
A)  to the exons 
B)  to the 5' UTR 
C)  to the 3' UTR 
D)  to an adjacent intron and exon 
E)  at certain sites along an intron E

Question 2

Gene expression in the domain Archaea in part resembles that of bacteria and in part that of the domain Eukarya. In which way is it most like the domain Eukarya?

Accepted Answer

A)  Domain Archaea has numerous transcription factors. 
B)  Initiation of translation is like that of domain Eukarya. 
C)  There is only one RNA polymerase. 
D)  Transcription termination often involves attenuation. 
E)  Post-transcriptional splicing is like that of Eukarya. 
A)  Domain Archaea has numerous transcription factors. 
B)  Initiation of translation is like that of domain Eukarya. 
C)  There is only one RNA polymerase. 
D)  Transcription termination often involves attenuation. 
E)  Post-transcriptional splicing is like that of Eukarya. A

Question 3

RNA polymerase in a prokaryote is composed of several subunits. Most of these subunits are the same for the transcription of any gene, but one, known as sigma, varies considerably. Which of the following is the most probable advantage for the organism of such variability in RNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

A)  It might allow the translation process to vary from one cell to another. 
B)  It might allow the polymerase to recognize different promoters under certain environmental conditions. 
C)  It could allow the polymerase to react differently to each stop codon. 
D)  It could allow ribosomal subunits to assemble at faster rates. 
E)  It could alter the rate of translation and of exon splicing. 
A)  It might allow the translation process to vary from one cell to another. 
B)  It might allow the polymerase to recognize different promoters under certain environmental conditions. 
C)  It could allow the polymerase to react differently to each stop codon. 
D)  It could allow ribosomal subunits to assemble at faster rates. 
E)  It could alter the rate of translation and of exon splicing. B

Question 4

What is the function of the release factor (RF)?

Accepted Answer

A)  It separates tRNA in the A site from the growing polypeptide. 
B)  It binds to the stop codon in the A site in place of a tRNA. 
C)  It releases the amino acid from its tRNA to allow the amino acid to form a peptide bond. 
D)  It supplies a source of energy for termination of translation. 
E)  It releases the ribosome from the ER to allow polypeptides into the cytosol. 
A)  It separates tRNA in the A site from the growing polypeptide. 
B)  It binds to the stop codon in the A site in place of a tRNA. 
C)  It releases the amino acid from its tRNA to allow the amino acid to form a peptide bond. 
D)  It supplies a source of energy for termination of translation. 
E)  It releases the ribosome from the ER to allow polypeptides into the cytosol.

Question 5

Transcription in eukaryotes requires which of the following in addition to RNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

A)  the protein product of the promoter 
B)  start and stop codons 
C)  ribosomes and tRNA 
D)  several transcription factors 
E)  aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase 
A)  the protein product of the promoter 
B)  start and stop codons 
C)  ribosomes and tRNA 
D)  several transcription factors 
E)  aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Question 6

Why might a point mutation in DNA make a difference in the level of a protein's activity?

Accepted Answer

A)  It might result in a chromosomal translocation. 
B)  It might exchange one stop codon for another stop codon. 
C)  It might exchange one serine codon for a different serine codon. 
D)  It might substitute a different amino acid in the active site. 
E)  It might substitute the N-terminus of the polypeptide for the C-terminus. 
A)  It might result in a chromosomal translocation. 
B)  It might exchange one stop codon for another stop codon. 
C)  It might exchange one serine codon for a different serine codon. 
D)  It might substitute a different amino acid in the active site. 
E)  It might substitute the N-terminus of the polypeptide for the C-terminus.

Question 7

Which of the following mutations would be most likely to have a harmful effect on an organism?

Accepted Answer

A)  a nucleotide-pair substitution 
B)  a deletion of three nucleotides near the middle of a gene 
C)  a single nucleotide deletion in the middle of an intron 
D)  a single nucleotide deletion near the end of the coding sequence 
E)  a single nucleotide insertion downstream of, and close to, the start of the coding sequence 
A)  a nucleotide-pair substitution 
B)  a deletion of three nucleotides near the middle of a gene 
C)  a single nucleotide deletion in the middle of an intron 
D)  a single nucleotide deletion near the end of the coding sequence 
E)  a single nucleotide insertion downstream of, and close to, the start of the coding sequence

Question 8

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
A transfer RNA (#1) attached to the amino acid lysine enters the ribosome. The lysine binds to the growing polypeptide on the other tRNA (#2) already in the ribosome.
-Where does tRNA #2 move to after this bonding of lysine to the polypeptide?

Accepted Answer

A)  A site 
B)  P site 
C)  E site 
D)  exit tunnel 
E)  directly to the cytosol 
A)  A site 
B)  P site 
C)  E site 
D)  exit tunnel 
E)  directly to the cytosol

Question 9

Suppose that exposure to a chemical mutagen results in a change in the sequence that alters the 5' end of intron 1 (I1). What might occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  loss of the gene product 
B)  loss of E1 
C)  premature stop to the mRNA 
D)  inclusion of I1 in the mRNA 
E)  exclusion of E2 
A)  loss of the gene product 
B)  loss of E1 
C)  premature stop to the mRNA 
D)  inclusion of I1 in the mRNA 
E)  exclusion of E2

Question 10

The "universal" genetic code is now known to have exceptions. Evidence for this can be found if which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  If UGA, usually a stop codon, is found to code for an amino acid such as tryptophan (usually coded for by UGG only). 
B)  If one stop codon, such as UGA, is found to have a different effect on translation than another stop codon, such as UAA. 
C)  If prokaryotic organisms are able to translate a eukaryotic mRNA and produce the same polypeptide. 
D)  If several codons are found to translate to the same amino acid, such as serine. 
E)  If a single mRNA molecule is found to translate to more than one polypeptide when there are two or more AUG sites. 
A)  If UGA, usually a stop codon, is found to code for an amino acid such as tryptophan (usually coded for by UGG only). 
B)  If one stop codon, such as UGA, is found to have a different effect on translation than another stop codon, such as UAA. 
C)  If prokaryotic organisms are able to translate a eukaryotic mRNA and produce the same polypeptide. 
D)  If several codons are found to translate to the same amino acid, such as serine. 
E)  If a single mRNA molecule is found to translate to more than one polypeptide when there are two or more AUG sites.

Question 11

The anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule is

Accepted Answer

A)  complementary to the corresponding mRNA codon. 
B)  complementary to the corresponding triplet in rRNA. 
C)  the part of tRNA that bonds to a specific amino acid. 
D)  changeable, depending on the amino acid that attaches to the tRNA. 
E)  catalytic, making the tRNA a ribozyme. 
A)  complementary to the corresponding mRNA codon. 
B)  complementary to the corresponding triplet in rRNA. 
C)  the part of tRNA that bonds to a specific amino acid. 
D)  changeable, depending on the amino acid that attaches to the tRNA. 
E)  catalytic, making the tRNA a ribozyme.

Question 12

A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is

Accepted Answer

A)  3' UCA 5'. 
B)  3' UGA 5'. 
C)  5' TCA 3'. 
D)  3' ACU 5'. 
E)  either UCA or TCA, depending on wobble in the first base. 
A)  3' UCA 5'. 
B)  3' UGA 5'. 
C)  5' TCA 3'. 
D)  3' ACU 5'. 
E)  either UCA or TCA, depending on wobble in the first base.

Question 13

Which of the following is not true of RNA processing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Exons are cut out before mRNA leaves the nucleus. 
B)  Nucleotides may be added at both ends of the RNA. 
C)  Ribozymes may function in RNA splicing. 
D)  RNA splicing can be catalyzed by spliceosomes. 
E)  A primary transcript is often much longer than the final RNA molecule that leaves the nucleus. 
A)  Exons are cut out before mRNA leaves the nucleus. 
B)  Nucleotides may be added at both ends of the RNA. 
C)  Ribozymes may function in RNA splicing. 
D)  RNA splicing can be catalyzed by spliceosomes. 
E)  A primary transcript is often much longer than the final RNA molecule that leaves the nucleus.

Question 14

In comparing DNA replication with RNA transcription in the same cell, which of the following is true only of replication?

Accepted Answer

A)  It uses RNA polymerase. 
B)  It makes a new molecule from its 5' end to its 3' end. 
C)  The process is extremely fast once it is initiated. 
D)  The process occurs in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. 
E)  The entire template molecule is represented in the product. 
A)  It uses RNA polymerase. 
B)  It makes a new molecule from its 5' end to its 3' end. 
C)  The process is extremely fast once it is initiated. 
D)  The process occurs in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. 
E)  The entire template molecule is represented in the product.

Question 15

Which of the following is not true of a codon?

Accepted Answer

A)  It consists of three nucleotides. 
B)  It may code for the same amino acid as another codon. 
C)  It never codes for more than one amino acid. 
D)  It extends from one end of a tRNA molecule. 
E)  It is the basic unit of the genetic code. 
A)  It consists of three nucleotides. 
B)  It may code for the same amino acid as another codon. 
C)  It never codes for more than one amino acid. 
D)  It extends from one end of a tRNA molecule. 
E)  It is the basic unit of the genetic code.

Question 16

Figure 14.5
-The tRNA shown in Figure 14.5 has its 3' end projecting beyond its 5' end. What will occur at this 3' end?

Accepted Answer

A)  The codon and anticodon complement one another. 
B)  The amino acid binds covalently. 
C)  The excess nucleotides (ACC
A)  will be cleaved off at the ribosome. 
D)  The small and large subunits of the ribosome will attach to it. 
E)  The 5' cap of the mRNA will become covalently bound. 
A)  The codon and anticodon complement one another. 
B)  The amino acid binds covalently. 
C)  The excess nucleotides (ACC
A)  will be cleaved off at the ribosome. 
D)  The small and large subunits of the ribosome will attach to it. 
E)  The 5' cap of the mRNA will become covalently bound.

Question 17

The following information should be used for the next few questions.
A part of an mRNA molecule with the following sequence is being read by a ribosome: 5' CCG-ACG 3' (mRNA). The charged transfer RNA molecules shown in Figure 14.4 (with their anticodons shown in the 3' to 5' direction) are available. Two of them can correctly match the mRNA so that a dipeptide can form.
   Figure 14.4
-The dipeptide that will form will be

Accepted Answer

A)  cysteine-alanine. 
B)  proline-threonine. 
C)  glycine-cysteine. 
D)  alanine-alanine. 
E)  threonine-glycine. 
A)  cysteine-alanine. 
B)  proline-threonine. 
C)  glycine-cysteine. 
D)  alanine-alanine. 
E)  threonine-glycine.

Question 18

Which component is not directly involved in translation?

Accepted Answer

A)  mRNA 
B)  DNA 
C)  tRNA 
D)  ribosomes 
E)  GTP 
A)  mRNA 
B)  DNA 
C)  tRNA 
D)  ribosomes 
E)  GTP

Question 19

In an experimental situation, a student researcher inserts an mRNA molecule into a eukaryotic cell after he has removed its 5' cap and poly-A tail. Which of the following would you expect him to find?

Accepted Answer

A)  The mRNA could not exit the nucleus to be translated. 
B)  The cell recognizes the absence of the tail and polyadenylates the mRNA. 
C)  The molecule is digested by restriction enzymes in the nucleus. 
D)  The molecule is digested by exonucleases because it is no longer protected at the 5' end. 
E)  The molecule attaches to a ribosome and is translated, but more slowly. 
A)  The mRNA could not exit the nucleus to be translated. 
B)  The cell recognizes the absence of the tail and polyadenylates the mRNA. 
C)  The molecule is digested by restriction enzymes in the nucleus. 
D)  The molecule is digested by exonucleases because it is no longer protected at the 5' end. 
E)  The molecule attaches to a ribosome and is translated, but more slowly.

Question 20

RNA polymerase moves in which direction along the DNA?

Accepted Answer

A)  5' to 3' along whichever strand it's on 
B)  3' to 5' along the template strand 
C)  5' to 3' along the template strand 
D)  5' to 3' along the double-stranded DNA 
E)  3' to 5' along the nontemplate strand 
A)  5' to 3' along whichever strand it's on 
B)  3' to 5' along the template strand 
C)  5' to 3' along the template strand 
D)  5' to 3' along the double-stranded DNA 
E)  3' to 5' along the nontemplate strand

Exam 14: Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

When the spliceosome binds to this transcript, where can it attach?

Gene expression in the domain Archaea in part resembles that of bacteria and in part that of the domain Eukarya. In which way is it most like the domain Eukarya?

RNA polymerase in a prokaryote is composed of several subunits. Most of these subunits are the same for the transcription of any gene, but one, known as sigma, varies considerably. Which of the following is the most probable advantage for the organism of such variability in RNA polymerase?

What is the function of the release factor (RF)?

Transcription in eukaryotes requires which of the following in addition to RNA polymerase?

Why might a point mutation in DNA make a difference in the level of a protein's activity?

Which of the following mutations would be most likely to have a harmful effect on an organism?

Suppose that exposure to a chemical mutagen results in a change in the sequence that alters the 5' end of intron 1 (I1). What might occur?

The "universal" genetic code is now known to have exceptions. Evidence for this can be found if which of the following is true?

The anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule is

A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is

Which of the following is not true of RNA processing?

In comparing DNA replication with RNA transcription in the same cell, which of the following is true only of replication?

Which of the following is not true of a codon?

Figure 14.5 -The tRNA shown in Figure 14.5 has its 3' end projecting beyond its 5' end. What will occur at this 3' end?

Which component is not directly involved in translation?

In an experimental situation, a student researcher inserts an mRNA molecule into a eukaryotic cell after he has removed its 5' cap and poly-A tail. Which of the following would you expect him to find?

RNA polymerase moves in which direction along the DNA?

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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