Question 1

Coordinating body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by

Accepted Answer

A)  the respiratory system. 
B)  the endocrine system. 
C)  the immune and lymphatic systems. 
D)  the integumentary system. 
E)  the excretory system. 
A)  the respiratory system. 
B)  the endocrine system. 
C)  the immune and lymphatic systems. 
D)  the integumentary system. 
E)  the excretory system. B

Question 2

Hormones that promote homeostasis

Accepted Answer

A)  are not found as members of antagonistic signaling mechanisms. 
B)  travel to target cells without passage in the plasma. 
C)  utilize receptors that bind any hormone. 
D)  initiate signal transduction in the target cell without binding to receptors. 
E)  usually operate as part of a negative feedback system. 
A)  are not found as members of antagonistic signaling mechanisms. 
B)  travel to target cells without passage in the plasma. 
C)  utilize receptors that bind any hormone. 
D)  initiate signal transduction in the target cell without binding to receptors. 
E)  usually operate as part of a negative feedback system. E

Question 3

Natural selection should favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species?

Accepted Answer

A)  a river otter 
B)  a mouse species living in a tropical rain forest 
C)  a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest 
D)  a mouse species living in a desert 
E)  a beaver 
A)  a river otter 
B)  a mouse species living in a tropical rain forest 
C)  a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest 
D)  a mouse species living in a desert 
E)  a beaver D

Question 4

Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  found in freshwater lakes and streams. 
B)  marine. 
C)  amphibious. 
D)  found in arid terrestrial environments. 
E)  found in terrestrial environments with adequate moisture. 
A)  found in freshwater lakes and streams. 
B)  marine. 
C)  amphibious. 
D)  found in arid terrestrial environments. 
E)  found in terrestrial environments with adequate moisture.

Question 5

Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians

Accepted Answer

A)  are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures. 
B)  alter their metabolic rates to maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C. 
C)  have a net loss of heat across a moist body surface, even in direct sun. 
D)  are endotherms but become thermoconformers only when they are in water. 
E)  become more active when environmental temperatures drop below 15°C. 
A)  are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures. 
B)  alter their metabolic rates to maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C. 
C)  have a net loss of heat across a moist body surface, even in direct sun. 
D)  are endotherms but become thermoconformers only when they are in water. 
E)  become more active when environmental temperatures drop below 15°C.

Question 6

Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by

Accepted Answer

A)  frogs. 
B)  kangaroo rats. 
C)  humans. 
D)  desert tortoises. 
E)  birds. 
A)  frogs. 
B)  kangaroo rats. 
C)  humans. 
D)  desert tortoises. 
E)  birds.

Question 7

Portal blood vessels connect two capillary beds found in the

Accepted Answer

A)  hypothalamus and thalamus. 
B)  anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary. 
C)  hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. 
D)  posterior pituitary and thyroid gland. 
E)  anterior pituitary and adrenal gland. 
A)  hypothalamus and thalamus. 
B)  anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary. 
C)  hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. 
D)  posterior pituitary and thyroid gland. 
E)  anterior pituitary and adrenal gland.

Question 8

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment.

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperosmotic; freshwater 
B)  isotonic; freshwater 
C)  hyperosmotic; saltwater 
D)  isoosmotic; saltwater 
E)  hypoosmotic; saltwater 
A)  hyperosmotic; freshwater 
B)  isotonic; freshwater 
C)  hyperosmotic; saltwater 
D)  isoosmotic; saltwater 
E)  hypoosmotic; saltwater

Question 9

Melatonin is secreted by

Accepted Answer

A)  the hypothalamus during the day. 
B)  the pineal gland during the night. 
C)  the autonomic nervous system during the winter. 
D)  the posterior pituitary gland during the day. 
E)  the thyroid gland during cold seasons. 
A)  the hypothalamus during the day. 
B)  the pineal gland during the night. 
C)  the autonomic nervous system during the winter. 
D)  the posterior pituitary gland during the day. 
E)  the thyroid gland during cold seasons.

Question 10

Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially by

Accepted Answer

A)  using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts. 
B)  monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins. 
C)  tolerating high urea concentrations that balance internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity. 
D)  synthesizing trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that binds and precipitates salts inside cells. 
E)  possessing a special adaptation that allows their cells to operate at an extraordinarily high salt concentration. 
A)  using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts. 
B)  monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins. 
C)  tolerating high urea concentrations that balance internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity. 
D)  synthesizing trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that binds and precipitates salts inside cells. 
E)  possessing a special adaptation that allows their cells to operate at an extraordinarily high salt concentration.

Question 11

Increased ADH secretion is likely after

Accepted Answer

A)  drinking lots of pure water. 
B)  sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity. 
C)  ingestion of ethanol (drinking alcoholic drinks). 
D)  eating a small sugary snack. 
E)  blood pressure is abnormally high. 
A)  drinking lots of pure water. 
B)  sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity. 
C)  ingestion of ethanol (drinking alcoholic drinks). 
D)  eating a small sugary snack. 
E)  blood pressure is abnormally high.

Question 12

The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipates excess heat by

Accepted Answer

A)  countercurrent exchange. 
B)  acclimation. 
C)  vasoconstriction. 
D)  hibernation. 
E)  evaporation. 
A)  countercurrent exchange. 
B)  acclimation. 
C)  vasoconstriction. 
D)  hibernation. 
E)  evaporation.

Question 13

When a steroid hormone and a peptide hormone exert similar effects on a population of target cells, then

Accepted Answer

A)  the steroid and peptide hormones must use the same biochemical mechanisms. 
B)  the steroid and peptide hormones must bind to the same receptor protein. 
C)  the steroid hormones affect the synthesis of effector proteins, whereas peptide hormones activate effector proteins already present in the cell. 
D)  the steroid hormones affect the activity of certain proteins within the cell, whereas peptide hormones directly affect the processing of mRNA. 
E)  the steroid hormones affect only the release of proteins from the target cell, whereas peptide hormones affect only the synthesis of proteins that remain in the target cell. 
A)  the steroid and peptide hormones must use the same biochemical mechanisms. 
B)  the steroid and peptide hormones must bind to the same receptor protein. 
C)  the steroid hormones affect the synthesis of effector proteins, whereas peptide hormones activate effector proteins already present in the cell. 
D)  the steroid hormones affect the activity of certain proteins within the cell, whereas peptide hormones directly affect the processing of mRNA. 
E)  the steroid hormones affect only the release of proteins from the target cell, whereas peptide hormones affect only the synthesis of proteins that remain in the target cell.

Question 14

Many marine and freshwater bony fish achieve osmoregulation via

Accepted Answer

A)  loss of water through the gills. 
B)  gain of salt through the gills. 
C)  loss of water in the urine. 
D)  no drinking of water. 
E)  gain of water through food. 
A)  loss of water through the gills. 
B)  gain of salt through the gills. 
C)  loss of water in the urine. 
D)  no drinking of water. 
E)  gain of water through food.

Question 15

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because

Accepted Answer

A)  its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix. 
B)  it contains more than one type of cell. 
C)  it is contained in vessels that "connect" different parts of an organism's body. 
D)  its cells can move from place to place. 
E)  it is found within all the organs of the body. 
A)  its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix. 
B)  it contains more than one type of cell. 
C)  it is contained in vessels that "connect" different parts of an organism's body. 
D)  its cells can move from place to place. 
E)  it is found within all the organs of the body.

Question 16

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions at the cellular level by

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulating the reabsorption of glucose through channel proteins. 
B)  triggering the synthesis of an enzyme that makes the phospholipid bilayer more permeable to water. 
C)  causing membranes to include more phospholipids that have unsaturated fatty acids. 
D)  causing an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells. 
E)  decreasing the speed at which filtrate flows through the nephron, leading to increased reabsorption of water. 
A)  stimulating the reabsorption of glucose through channel proteins. 
B)  triggering the synthesis of an enzyme that makes the phospholipid bilayer more permeable to water. 
C)  causing membranes to include more phospholipids that have unsaturated fatty acids. 
D)  causing an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells. 
E)  decreasing the speed at which filtrate flows through the nephron, leading to increased reabsorption of water.

Question 17

Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal.

Accepted Answer

A)  metanephridium-flatworm 
B)  Malpighian tubule-frog 
C)  kidney-insect 
D)  flame bulb-snake 
E)  exchange across the body surface-marine invertebrate 
A)  metanephridium-flatworm 
B)  Malpighian tubule-frog 
C)  kidney-insect 
D)  flame bulb-snake 
E)  exchange across the body surface-marine invertebrate

Question 18

Urea is produced in the

Accepted Answer

A)  liver from NH3 and CO2. 
B)  liver from glycogen. 
C)  kidneys from glucose. 
D)  kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids. 
E)  bladder from uric acid and H2O. 
A)  liver from NH3 and CO2. 
B)  liver from glycogen. 
C)  kidneys from glucose. 
D)  kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids. 
E)  bladder from uric acid and H2O.

Question 19

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid

Accepted Answer

A)  is readily soluble in water. 
B)  is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products. 
C)  requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass. 
D)  excretion allows birds to live in desert environments. 
A)  is readily soluble in water. 
B)  is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products. 
C)  requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass. 
D)  excretion allows birds to live in desert environments.

Question 20

A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that

Accepted Answer

A)  they store the body's excess fats. 
B)  they have membranes of varying permeability to water. 
C)  they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps. 
D)  they are the body's only means of shedding excess nutrients. 
E)  they have an abundance of myogenic smooth muscle. 
A)  they store the body's excess fats. 
B)  they have membranes of varying permeability to water. 
C)  they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps. 
D)  they are the body's only means of shedding excess nutrients. 
E)  they have an abundance of myogenic smooth muscle.

Exam 32: Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Coordinating body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by

Hormones that promote homeostasis

Natural selection should favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species?

Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely

Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians

Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by

Portal blood vessels connect two capillary beds found in the

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment.

Melatonin is secreted by

Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially by

Increased ADH secretion is likely after

The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipates excess heat by

When a steroid hormone and a peptide hormone exert similar effects on a population of target cells, then

Many marine and freshwater bony fish achieve osmoregulation via

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions at the cellular level by

Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal.

Urea is produced in the

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid

A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

Filters

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be with its environment.