Question 1

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals?

Accepted Answer

A)  left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation 
B)  right ventricle → pulmonary vein → pulmocutaneous circulation 
C)  pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit 
D)  vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit 
E)  right atrium → pulmonary artery → left atrium → ventricle 
A)  left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation 
B)  right ventricle → pulmonary vein → pulmocutaneous circulation 
C)  pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit 
D)  vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit 
E)  right atrium → pulmonary artery → left atrium → ventricle D

Question 2

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of

Accepted Answer

A)  500 mL/minute. 
B)  1,000 mL/minute. 
C)  1,750 mL/minute. 
D)  2,800 mL/minute. 
E)  4,800 mL/minute. 
A)  500 mL/minute. 
B)  1,000 mL/minute. 
C)  1,750 mL/minute. 
D)  2,800 mL/minute. 
E)  4,800 mL/minute. D

Question 3

Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arteries has a

Accepted Answer

A)  higher   . 
B)  higher   . 
C)  greater bicarbonate concentration. 
D)  lower pH. 
E)  lower osmotic pressure. 
A)  higher   . 
B)  higher   . 
C)  greater bicarbonate concentration. 
D)  lower pH. 
E)  lower osmotic pressure. A

Question 4

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the

Accepted Answer

A)  amphibians. 
B)  birds. 
C)  fishes. 
D)  mammals. 
E)  reptiles. 
A)  amphibians. 
B)  birds. 
C)  fishes. 
D)  mammals. 
E)  reptiles.

Question 5

The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water. As some water evaporates, the pool becomes saltier, causing

Accepted Answer

A)  a decrease in its carbon dioxide content. 
B)  a decrease in its oxygen content. 
C)  an increase in its ability to sustain aerobic organisms. 
D)  a decrease in the water's density. 
E)  a decrease in the movement of the water molecules. 
A)  a decrease in its carbon dioxide content. 
B)  a decrease in its oxygen content. 
C)  an increase in its ability to sustain aerobic organisms. 
D)  a decrease in the water's density. 
E)  a decrease in the movement of the water molecules.

Question 6

At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21% oxygen, then the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude is

Accepted Answer

A)  0 mm Hg. 
B)  80 mm Hg. 
C)  160 mm Hg. 
D)  380 mm Hg. 
E)  760 mm Hg. 
A)  0 mm Hg. 
B)  80 mm Hg. 
C)  160 mm Hg. 
D)  380 mm Hg. 
E)  760 mm Hg.

Question 7

The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is

Accepted Answer

A)  the digestive juices. 
B)  the intracellular fluid. 
C)  the blood plasma. 
D)  the cytosol. 
E)  the interstitial fluid. 
A)  the digestive juices. 
B)  the intracellular fluid. 
C)  the blood plasma. 
D)  the cytosol. 
E)  the interstitial fluid.

Question 8

A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg is likely to be

Accepted Answer

A)  an animal that is small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart. 
B)  an animal with abundant lipid storage. 
C)  a species that has very wide-diameter veins. 
D)  an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain. 
E)  an animal that makes frequent, quick motions. 
A)  an animal that is small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart. 
B)  an animal with abundant lipid storage. 
C)  a species that has very wide-diameter veins. 
D)  an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain. 
E)  an animal that makes frequent, quick motions.

Question 9

Pulse is a direct measure of

Accepted Answer

A)  blood pressure. 
B)  stroke volume. 
C)  cardiac output. 
D)  heart rate. 
E)  breathing rate. 
A)  blood pressure. 
B)  stroke volume. 
C)  cardiac output. 
D)  heart rate. 
E)  breathing rate.

Question 10

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels delivering blood to the gut is a likely response when an individual is

Accepted Answer

A)  lying down after standing up. 
B)  eating a meal. 
C)  stressed and secreting stress hormones. 
D)  responding to increased blood pressure. 
E)  having an allergy attack with lots of histamine secretion. 
A)  lying down after standing up. 
B)  eating a meal. 
C)  stressed and secreting stress hormones. 
D)  responding to increased blood pressure. 
E)  having an allergy attack with lots of histamine secretion.

Question 11

Hydrogen ions produced within human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering plasma pH because they bind to

Accepted Answer

A)  hemoglobin. 
B)  plasma proteins. 
C)  carbon dioxide. 
D)  carbonic acid. 
E)  plasma buffers. 
A)  hemoglobin. 
B)  plasma proteins. 
C)  carbon dioxide. 
D)  carbonic acid. 
E)  plasma buffers.

Question 12

At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Oxygen gas is approximately 21% of the total gases in the atmosphere, so the approximate partial pressure of oxygen is

Accepted Answer

A)  0.2 mm Hg. 
B)  20.0 mm Hg. 
C)  76.0 mm Hg. 
D)  160.0 mm Hg. 
E)  508.0 mm Hg. 
A)  0.2 mm Hg. 
B)  20.0 mm Hg. 
C)  76.0 mm Hg. 
D)  160.0 mm Hg. 
E)  508.0 mm Hg.

Question 13

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect their pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as

Accepted Answer

A)  the brain directly measures and monitors carbon dioxide and causes breathing changes accordingly. 
B)  the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing. 
C)  the brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide. 
D)  stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla oblongata to speed up or slow breathing. 
E)  the medulla oblongata is able to control the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood. 
A)  the brain directly measures and monitors carbon dioxide and causes breathing changes accordingly. 
B)  the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing. 
C)  the brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide. 
D)  stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla oblongata to speed up or slow breathing. 
E)  the medulla oblongata is able to control the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood.

Question 14

Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  increased activity of the immune system. 
B)  a broken limb. 
C)  blood sugar that is abnormally high. 
D)  dehydration. 
E)  sodium depletion. 
A)  increased activity of the immune system. 
B)  a broken limb. 
C)  blood sugar that is abnormally high. 
D)  dehydration. 
E)  sodium depletion.

Question 15

The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and sharks is similar to

Accepted Answer

A)  that of birds, with a four-chambered heart. 
B)  the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber. 
C)  that of reptiles, with one pumping chamber driving blood flow to a gas-exchange organ, and a different pumping chamber driving blood to the rest of the circulation. 
D)  that of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment. 
E)  that of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow. 
A)  that of birds, with a four-chambered heart. 
B)  the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber. 
C)  that of reptiles, with one pumping chamber driving blood flow to a gas-exchange organ, and a different pumping chamber driving blood to the rest of the circulation. 
D)  that of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment. 
E)  that of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow.

Question 16

The plasma proteins in humans

Accepted Answer

A)  maintain the blood's osmotic pressure. 
B)  transport water-soluble lipids. 
C)  carry out gas exchange. 
D)  undergo aerobic metabolism. 
E)  transport oxygen. 
A)  maintain the blood's osmotic pressure. 
B)  transport water-soluble lipids. 
C)  carry out gas exchange. 
D)  undergo aerobic metabolism. 
E)  transport oxygen.

Question 17

Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased

Accepted Answer

A)  low-density lipoproteins. 
B)  immunoglobulins. 
C)  erythropoietin. 
D)  epinephrine. 
E)  platelets. 
A)  low-density lipoproteins. 
B)  immunoglobulins. 
C)  erythropoietin. 
D)  epinephrine. 
E)  platelets.

Question 18

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans

Accepted Answer

A)  is a major contributor to heart attacks. 
B)  would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers. 
C)  would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance. 
D)  would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions. 
E)  would have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta. 
A)  is a major contributor to heart attacks. 
B)  would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers. 
C)  would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance. 
D)  would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions. 
E)  would have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta.

Question 19

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

Accepted Answer

A)  rising O2 
B)  falling O2 
C)  rising CO2 
D)  falling CO2 
E)  rising CO2 and falling O2 
A)  rising O2 
B)  falling O2 
C)  rising CO2 
D)  falling CO2 
E)  rising CO2 and falling O2

Question 20

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through

Accepted Answer

A)  one capillary bed. 
B)  two capillary beds. 
C)  three capillary beds. 
D)  four capillary beds. 
E)  five capillary beds. 
A)  one capillary bed. 
B)  two capillary beds. 
C)  three capillary beds. 
D)  four capillary beds. 
E)  five capillary beds.

Exam 34: Circulation and Gas Exchange

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals?

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of

Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arteries has a

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the

The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water. As some water evaporates, the pool becomes saltier, causing

At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21% oxygen, then the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude is

The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is

A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg is likely to be

Pulse is a direct measure of

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels delivering blood to the gut is a likely response when an individual is

Hydrogen ions produced within human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering plasma pH because they bind to

At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Oxygen gas is approximately 21% of the total gases in the atmosphere, so the approximate partial pressure of oxygen is

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect their pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as

Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with

The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and sharks is similar to

The plasma proteins in humans

Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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