Question 1

Global warming of Earth's oceans may have a direct effect on global photosynthetic rates and carbon storage,given that

Accepted Answer

A) 30% of the world's photosynthesis is done by aquatic protists. 
B) 20% of the world's photosynthesis is done by aquatic protists. 
C) 50% of the world's photosynthesis is done by aquatic protists. 
A) 30% of the world's photosynthesis is done by aquatic protists. 
B) 20% of the world's photosynthesis is done by aquatic protists. 
C) 50% of the world's photosynthesis is done by aquatic protists.

Question 2

In a sample of pond water,a new organism is identified with the following characteristics: It consists of 70 cells surrounded by rigid cell walls that join the cells together.Inside each of these identical cells are mitochondria and chloroplasts.Such an organism would most likely be classified as a

Accepted Answer

A) colonial photosynthetic eukaryote. 
B) fungal photosynthetic eukaryote. 
C) colonial photosynthetic prokaryote. 
D) multicellular photosynthetic prokaryote. 
E) colonial eukaryotic fungus. 
A) colonial photosynthetic eukaryote. 
B) fungal photosynthetic eukaryote. 
C) colonial photosynthetic prokaryote. 
D) multicellular photosynthetic prokaryote. 
E) colonial eukaryotic fungus.

Question 3

Multicellular colonies of plant cells adhere to each other primarily by ________,whereas multicellular colonies of animal cells are typically held together by ________.

Accepted Answer

A) fusion of cellular membranes;cell walls 
B) cell walls;fused cellular membranes 
C) cell walls;proteins 
D) interlocking chloroplasts;interlocking mitochondria 
E) interlocking cellular shapes;large,calcified capsules 
A) fusion of cellular membranes;cell walls 
B) cell walls;fused cellular membranes 
C) cell walls;proteins 
D) interlocking chloroplasts;interlocking mitochondria 
E) interlocking cellular shapes;large,calcified capsules

Question 4

Including the membrane of the surrounding vesicle,how many phospholipid (not lipopolysaccharide)bilayers should be found around each cyanelle,and which one of these bilayers should have photosystems embedded in it?

Accepted Answer

A) two;innermost 
B) two;outermost 
C) three;innermost 
D) three;middle 
E) three;outermost 
A) two;innermost 
B) two;outermost 
C) three;innermost 
D) three;middle 
E) three;outermost

Question 5

An individual mixotroph loses its plastids yet continues to survive.Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival?

Accepted Answer

A) It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol. 
B) It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids. 
C) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption. 
D) It has an endospore. 
E) It has multiple alveoli. 
A) It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol. 
B) It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids. 
C) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption. 
D) It has an endospore. 
E) It has multiple alveoli.

Question 6

If true,which of the following would be most important in determining whether P.chromatophora's cyanelle is still an endosymbiont or is an organelle,as the term cyanelle implies?

Accepted Answer

A) if P.chromatophora is less fit without its cyanelle than with it 
B) if the cyanelle is less fit without the host cercozoan than with it 
C) if there is ongoing metabolic cooperation between the cyanelle and the host cercozoan 
D) if there has been movement of genes from the cyanelle genome to the nuclear genome,such that these genes are no longer present in the cyanelle genome 
A) if P.chromatophora is less fit without its cyanelle than with it 
B) if the cyanelle is less fit without the host cercozoan than with it 
C) if there is ongoing metabolic cooperation between the cyanelle and the host cercozoan 
D) if there has been movement of genes from the cyanelle genome to the nuclear genome,such that these genes are no longer present in the cyanelle genome

Question 7

Why can eukaryotes be considered "combination" organisms?

Accepted Answer

A) Some of their genes and cellular characteristics were derived from archaea,and others from bacteria. 
B) They eventually developed flagella. 
C) Their diversity outnumbers prokaryotes by over 1 million species. 
D) They eventually developed cellulose plates. 
A) Some of their genes and cellular characteristics were derived from archaea,and others from bacteria. 
B) They eventually developed flagella. 
C) Their diversity outnumbers prokaryotes by over 1 million species. 
D) They eventually developed cellulose plates.

Question 8

Which of the following represents the true significance of the finding that the cyanelles of   stem from a different type of cyanobacterium than gave rise to chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

A) This finding indicates that there is a second evolutionary lineage of photosynthetic eukaryotes. 
B) This finding represents the first time that primary endosymbiosis has been directly observed. 
C) This finding is the strongest evidence yet for the theory of endosymbiosis. 
D) This finding is an example of the phenomenon known as "serial endosymbiosis." 
E) This finding is the first evidence that eukaryotic cells do not necessarily digest prokaryotic cells that manage to gain access to their cytoplasm. 
A) This finding indicates that there is a second evolutionary lineage of photosynthetic eukaryotes. 
B) This finding represents the first time that primary endosymbiosis has been directly observed. 
C) This finding is the strongest evidence yet for the theory of endosymbiosis. 
D) This finding is an example of the phenomenon known as "serial endosymbiosis." 
E) This finding is the first evidence that eukaryotic cells do not necessarily digest prokaryotic cells that manage to gain access to their cytoplasm.

Question 9

Diatoms are mostly asexual members of the phytoplankton.They obtain their nutrition from functional chloroplasts,and each diatom is encased within two porous,glasslike valves.Which question would be most important for one interested in the day-to-day survival of individual diatoms?

Accepted Answer

A) How does carbon dioxide get into these protists with their glasslike valves? 
B) How do diatoms get transported from one location on the water's surface layers to another location on the surface? 
C) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit waters? 
D) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves avoid being shattered by the action of waves? 
E) How do diatom sperm cells locate diatom egg cells? 
A) How does carbon dioxide get into these protists with their glasslike valves? 
B) How do diatoms get transported from one location on the water's surface layers to another location on the surface? 
C) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit waters? 
D) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves avoid being shattered by the action of waves? 
E) How do diatom sperm cells locate diatom egg cells?

Question 10

Which statement is correct with regard to the origins of multicellular organisms?

Accepted Answer

A) Multicellular organisms with differentiated cells likely originated from a single common ancestor. 
B) Multicellular organisms with differentiated cells likely originated from multiple different ancestors. 
C) Early colonial multicellular organisms had cells that were highly differentiated. 
D) None of the early multicellular organisms that arose on Earth are still alive today. 
A) Multicellular organisms with differentiated cells likely originated from a single common ancestor. 
B) Multicellular organisms with differentiated cells likely originated from multiple different ancestors. 
C) Early colonial multicellular organisms had cells that were highly differentiated. 
D) None of the early multicellular organisms that arose on Earth are still alive today.

Question 11

Please use the following information to answer the questions below.
Paulinella chromatophora is one of the few cercozoans that is autotrophic,carrying out aerobic photosynthesis with its two elongated "cyanelles." The cyanelles are contained within vesicles of the host cell,and each is derived from a cyanobacterium,though not the same type of cyanobacterium that gave rise to the chloroplasts of algae and plants.
-What must occur for asexual reproduction to be successful in P.chromatophora?
1)mitosis
2)S phase
3)meiosis
4)equal distribution of cyanelles during cytokinesis

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 1,2,and 3 
D) 1,2,and 4 
E) 2,3,and 4 
A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 2 only 
C) 1,2,and 3 
D) 1,2,and 4 
E) 2,3,and 4

Question 12

The theory of endosymbiosis and history of life on Earth allows one to predict that the gene sequences that are responsible for encoding functional,mitochondrial ribosomes in a particular tree likely share many similar nucleotides in the sequences from the ribosomal genes of
I.other plant species.
II.bacterial species.
III.other tree species.

Accepted Answer

A) I only 
B) II only 
C) III only 
D) I,II,and III 
A) I only 
B) II only 
C) III only 
D) I,II,and III

Question 13

Living diatoms contain brownish plastids.If global warming causes blooms of diatoms in the surface waters of Earth's oceans,how might this be harmful to the animals that build coral reefs?

Accepted Answer

A) The coral animals,which capture planktonic organisms,may be outcompeted by the diatoms. 
B) The coral animals' endosymbiotic dinoflagellates may get "shaded out" by the diatoms. 
C) The coral animals may die from overeating the plentiful diatoms. 
D) The diatoms' photosynthetic output may over-oxygenate the water. 
A) The coral animals,which capture planktonic organisms,may be outcompeted by the diatoms. 
B) The coral animals' endosymbiotic dinoflagellates may get "shaded out" by the diatoms. 
C) The coral animals may die from overeating the plentiful diatoms. 
D) The diatoms' photosynthetic output may over-oxygenate the water.

Question 14

The evolution of multicellularity in animals required adaptations that promoted

Accepted Answer

A) cellular migration and intercellular communication. 
B) cellular migration and cellular adhesion. 
C) cellular adhesion and intercellular communication. 
D) photosynthesis and cellular migration. 
E) cellular fusion and regeneration. 
A) cellular migration and intercellular communication. 
B) cellular migration and cellular adhesion. 
C) cellular adhesion and intercellular communication. 
D) photosynthesis and cellular migration. 
E) cellular fusion and regeneration.

Question 15

Of the four supergroups of eukaryotes,which one contains red algae,green algae,and all land plants?

Accepted Answer

A) SAR 
B) Archeplastida 
C) Excavata 
D) Unikonta 
A) SAR 
B) Archeplastida 
C) Excavata 
D) Unikonta

Question 16

The cysts of Giardia are most analogous to the

Accepted Answer

A) mitochondria of ancestral diplomonads. 
B) nuclei of archaeans. 
C) endospores of bacteria. 
D) capsids of viruses. 
A) mitochondria of ancestral diplomonads. 
B) nuclei of archaeans. 
C) endospores of bacteria. 
D) capsids of viruses.

Question 17

The chloroplasts of all of the following are thought to be derived from ancestral red algae,except those of

Accepted Answer

A) diatoms. 
B) dinoflagellates. 
C) green algae. 
D) brown algae. 
A) diatoms. 
B) dinoflagellates. 
C) green algae. 
D) brown algae.

Question 18

Which of the following is correctly described as a primary producer?

Accepted Answer

A) foram 
B) kinetoplastid 
C) apicomplexan 
D) diatom 
A) foram 
B) kinetoplastid 
C) apicomplexan 
D) diatom

Question 19

Please use the following information to answer the questions below.
Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella.When within their hosts,the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae.In aquaria with light coming from only one side,P.bursaria gathers at the well-lit side,whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side.The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen,and P.bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility.P.bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae in two ways: (1)if kept in darkness,the algae will die;and (2)if prey items (mostly bacteria)are absent from its habitat,P.bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae.
-Which term best describes the symbiotic relationship of well-fed P.bursaria with their zoochlorellae?

Accepted Answer

A) mutualistic (each species benefits from the other) 
B) photosynthetic 
C) parasitic 
D) predatory 
A) mutualistic (each species benefits from the other) 
B) photosynthetic 
C) parasitic 
D) predatory

Question 20

You are given four test tubes,each containing an unknown protist.Your task is to read the following description and match these four protists to the correct test tube.
When red and blue light are shone on the tubes,oxygen bubbles accumulate on the inside of test tubes 1 and 2.Chemical analysis of test tube 1 indicates the presence of a chemical that is toxic to fish and humans.Chemical analysis of test tube 2 indicates the presence of substantial amounts of silica.Microscopic analysis of organisms in test tube 3 reveals the presence of an apicoplast in each.Microscopic analysis of the contents in test tube 4 reveals thousands of cilia on the surface of the organism.Please use the following information to answer the questions below.
-Test tube 3 contains

Accepted Answer

A) Paramecium. 
B) Navicula (diatom). 
C) Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate). 
D) Plasmodium. 
A) Paramecium. 
B) Navicula (diatom). 
C) Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate). 
D) Plasmodium.

Exam 25: The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

Global warming of Earth's oceans may have a direct effect on global photosynthetic rates and carbon storage,given that

In a sample of pond water,a new organism is identified with the following characteristics: It consists of 70 cells surrounded by rigid cell walls that join the cells together.Inside each of these identical cells are mitochondria and chloroplasts.Such an organism would most likely be classified as a

Multicellular colonies of plant cells adhere to each other primarily by ________,whereas multicellular colonies of animal cells are typically held together by ________.

Including the membrane of the surrounding vesicle,how many phospholipid (not lipopolysaccharide)bilayers should be found around each cyanelle,and which one of these bilayers should have photosystems embedded in it?

An individual mixotroph loses its plastids yet continues to survive.Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival?

If true,which of the following would be most important in determining whether P.chromatophora's cyanelle is still an endosymbiont or is an organelle,as the term cyanelle implies?

Why can eukaryotes be considered "combination" organisms?

Which of the following represents the true significance of the finding that the cyanelles of stem from a different type of cyanobacterium than gave rise to chloroplasts?

Diatoms are mostly asexual members of the phytoplankton.They obtain their nutrition from functional chloroplasts,and each diatom is encased within two porous,glasslike valves.Which question would be most important for one interested in the day-to-day survival of individual diatoms?

Which statement is correct with regard to the origins of multicellular organisms?

Living diatoms contain brownish plastids.If global warming causes blooms of diatoms in the surface waters of Earth's oceans,how might this be harmful to the animals that build coral reefs?

The evolution of multicellularity in animals required adaptations that promoted

Of the four supergroups of eukaryotes,which one contains red algae,green algae,and all land plants?

The cysts of Giardia are most analogous to the

The chloroplasts of all of the following are thought to be derived from ancestral red algae,except those of

Which of the following is correctly described as a primary producer?

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development,stem Cells,and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition,nutrition,and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons,synapses,and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Ecological Communities

Ecosystems and Energy

Conservation Biology and Global Change

Filters

Multicellular colonies of plant cells adhere to each other primarily by ,whereas multicellular colonies of animal cells are typically held together by .