Question 1

During an asthma attack, allergens trigger the release of histamine, which causes severe constriction of the __________________.

Accepted Answer

A) pleural cavities 
B) trachea 
C) rib cage 
D) bronchi 
A) pleural cavities 
B) trachea 
C) rib cage 
D) bronchi D

Question 2

What is the order of structures or spaces that a surgeon will pass through to operate on a human lung?

Accepted Answer

A) skin -> intercostal muscles -> parietal pleural membrane -> pleural cavity -> visceral pleural membrane -> lung tissue 
B) skin -> pleural cavity -> intercostal muscles -> visceral pleural membrane -> parietal pleural membrane -> lung tissue 
C) skin -> visceral pleural membrane -> intercostal muscles -> pleural cavity -> parietal pleural membrane -> lung tissue 
D) skin -> intercostal muscles -> visceral pleural membrane -> pleural cavity -> parietal pleural membrane -> lung tissue 
A) skin -> intercostal muscles -> parietal pleural membrane -> pleural cavity -> visceral pleural membrane -> lung tissue 
B) skin -> pleural cavity -> intercostal muscles -> visceral pleural membrane -> parietal pleural membrane -> lung tissue 
C) skin -> visceral pleural membrane -> intercostal muscles -> pleural cavity -> parietal pleural membrane -> lung tissue 
D) skin -> intercostal muscles -> visceral pleural membrane -> pleural cavity -> parietal pleural membrane -> lung tissue A

Question 3

Soft-shelled turtles can remain submerged underwater for several hours without ventilating their lungs because ______.

Accepted Answer

A) they can use cutaneous respiration through the soft lining of their throats 
B) the partial pressure of O2 is higher underwater 
C) they can store some air in special air sacs under the shell 
D) they also have rudimentary gills 
A) they can use cutaneous respiration through the soft lining of their throats 
B) the partial pressure of O2 is higher underwater 
C) they can store some air in special air sacs under the shell 
D) they also have rudimentary gills A

Question 4

The most efficient lungs with respect to oxygen uptake are found in this group of vertebrates.

Accepted Answer

A) amphibians 
B) birds 
C) fish 
D) mammals 
A) amphibians 
B) birds 
C) fish 
D) mammals

Question 5

What respiratory adaptation was important for the invasion of land by arthropods?

Accepted Answer

A) positive pressure breathing to increase gas exchange 
B) cutaneous respiration in moist habitats 
C) gas- and water-permeable exoskeletons 
D) the ability to close spiracles to prevent water loss 
A) positive pressure breathing to increase gas exchange 
B) cutaneous respiration in moist habitats 
C) gas- and water-permeable exoskeletons 
D) the ability to close spiracles to prevent water loss

Question 6

The gas exchange surfaces in a mammalian lung are organized into structures that look like clusters of hollow grapes.The hollow, grape-like structures are the________________.

Accepted Answer

A) alveoli 
B) spiracles 
C) papulae 
D) lamellae 
A) alveoli 
B) spiracles 
C) papulae 
D) lamellae

Question 7

In the future, it may be possible to screen for a number of different types of cancer by a simple blood test.If a blood test indicates a very early stage of lung cancer, where is the most likely place that the tumor will be growing?

Accepted Answer

A) in the parietal pleural membrane 
B) in the wall of a large bronchus 
C) in the visceral pleural membrane 
D) in the wall of an alveolus 
A) in the parietal pleural membrane 
B) in the wall of a large bronchus 
C) in the visceral pleural membrane 
D) in the wall of an alveolus

Question 8

The large number of alveoli in mammalian lungs, the numerous lamellae in fish gills, the papulae of echinoderms, and the extensive tracheal system of insects are all adaptations that optimize what factor in the formula for Fick's Law of Diffusion?

Accepted Answer

A) D 
B) A 
C) d 
D) $\Delta$p 
A) D 
B) A 
C) d 
D) $\Delta$p

Question 9

Four-year old Sammy is having a temper-tantrum.In a final attempt to get his way, he yells to his mom, "I'm gonna hold my breath 'til I die!" What is the primary reason that Sammy's mom is unconcerned by this statement?

Accepted Answer

A) It is impossible for Sammy to control the contraction of his diaphragm and intercostal muscles since they are made up of smooth muscle. 
B) As Sammy holds his breath, the decreasing levels of oxygen in his blood will lead to stimulation of the respiratory control center in his brain. 
C) Sammy is too young to hold his breath for more than 30 seconds. 
D) As Sammy holds his breath, the increasing levels of carbon dioxide in his blood will lead to stimulation of the respiratory control center in his brain. 
A) It is impossible for Sammy to control the contraction of his diaphragm and intercostal muscles since they are made up of smooth muscle. 
B) As Sammy holds his breath, the decreasing levels of oxygen in his blood will lead to stimulation of the respiratory control center in his brain. 
C) Sammy is too young to hold his breath for more than 30 seconds. 
D) As Sammy holds his breath, the increasing levels of carbon dioxide in his blood will lead to stimulation of the respiratory control center in his brain.

Question 10

In the countercurrent exchange in a fish's gills, the oxygen concentration is always _______ in the water than the blood along the entire pathway of each lamella.

Accepted Answer

A) higher 
B) the same 
C) lower 
A) higher 
B) the same 
C) lower

Question 11

In tissue capillaries, __________ combines with water to form carbonic acid, which after being transported to the lungs, dissociates back to its constituents.

Accepted Answer

A) CO2 
B) O2 
C) H2CO3 
D) hemoglobin 
A) CO2 
B) O2 
C) H2CO3 
D) hemoglobin

Question 12

Most phyla of aquatic invertebrates have improved the rate of gas exchange by creating a water current over their respiratory surfaces, thereby _____.

Accepted Answer

A) changing the diffusion constant 
B) increasing the surface area for diffusion 
C) decreasing the distance for diffusion 
D) increasing the concentration difference 
A) changing the diffusion constant 
B) increasing the surface area for diffusion 
C) decreasing the distance for diffusion 
D) increasing the concentration difference

Question 13

During exhalation, the diaphragm _______.

Accepted Answer

A) contracts and moves down 
B) relaxes and moves up 
C) relaxes and moves down 
D) contracts and moves up 
A) contracts and moves down 
B) relaxes and moves up 
C) relaxes and moves down 
D) contracts and moves up

Question 14

What change would increase the rate of oxygen diffusing from lung alveoli into the blood?

Accepted Answer

A) A decrease in the pH of the blood entering the lungs 
B) An increase in the hemoglobin concentration of the red blood cells 
C) An increase in the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood entering the lungs 
D) An increase in the humidity of air in the lungs 
A) A decrease in the pH of the blood entering the lungs 
B) An increase in the hemoglobin concentration of the red blood cells 
C) An increase in the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood entering the lungs 
D) An increase in the humidity of air in the lungs

Question 15

Humans cannot survive long at altitudes greater than 6000 m because ________.

Accepted Answer

A) the partial pressure of O2 becomes less than half that at sea level 
B) there is much more CO2 in the atmosphere at the higher altitudes than at sea level 
C) the diaphragm cannot be contracted enough to produce a full breath 
D) alveoli become compressed at the lower atmospheric pressures 
A) the partial pressure of O2 becomes less than half that at sea level 
B) there is much more CO2 in the atmosphere at the higher altitudes than at sea level 
C) the diaphragm cannot be contracted enough to produce a full breath 
D) alveoli become compressed at the lower atmospheric pressures

Question 16

The North American pronghorn antelope can run almost as fast as a cheetah, but unlike the cheetah, can also sustain speeds of 30-40 mph for miles.The pronghorn is about the size of a large, domestic goat.You would predict the antelope to have a _____ than the goat.

Accepted Answer

A) smaller trachea 
B) higher concentration of hemoglobin 
C) smaller lung volume 
D) lower concentration of myoglobin 
A) smaller trachea 
B) higher concentration of hemoglobin 
C) smaller lung volume 
D) lower concentration of myoglobin

Question 17

The primary advantage of gills versus the body surface for gas exchange in aquatic animals is that ________.

Accepted Answer

A) gills are located near the mouth 
B) gills have a much greater diffusion surface area 
C) gills decrease resistance to movement 
D) all gills contain a countercurrent exchange system 
A) gills are located near the mouth 
B) gills have a much greater diffusion surface area 
C) gills decrease resistance to movement 
D) all gills contain a countercurrent exchange system

Question 18

When is the PO2 an especially strong stimulant of the respiratory control center in the brain of healthy individuals?

Accepted Answer

A) while running a road race along the shoreline of Vancouver 
B) while hyperventilating 
C) while climbing to the summit of Mt.Everest 
D) while hypoventilating 
A) while running a road race along the shoreline of Vancouver 
B) while hyperventilating 
C) while climbing to the summit of Mt.Everest 
D) while hypoventilating

Question 19

During your dissection of a fish, what structure would you have to remove to see the gills?

Accepted Answer

A) spiracle 
B) glottis 
C) operculum 
D) trachea 
A) spiracle 
B) glottis 
C) operculum 
D) trachea

Question 20

Each breath is initiated by neurons in the "respiratory control center" located in the

Accepted Answer

A) spinal cord. 
B) cerebellum. 
C) carotid body. 
D) medulla oblongata. 
A) spinal cord. 
B) cerebellum. 
C) carotid body. 
D) medulla oblongata.

Exam 48: The Respiratory System

During an asthma attack, allergens trigger the release of histamine, which causes severe constriction of the __________________.

What is the order of structures or spaces that a surgeon will pass through to operate on a human lung?

Soft-shelled turtles can remain submerged underwater for several hours without ventilating their lungs because ______.

The most efficient lungs with respect to oxygen uptake are found in this group of vertebrates.

What respiratory adaptation was important for the invasion of land by arthropods?

The gas exchange surfaces in a mammalian lung are organized into structures that look like clusters of hollow grapes.The hollow, grape-like structures are the________________.

In the future, it may be possible to screen for a number of different types of cancer by a simple blood test.If a blood test indicates a very early stage of lung cancer, where is the most likely place that the tumor will be growing?

The large number of alveoli in mammalian lungs, the numerous lamellae in fish gills, the papulae of echinoderms, and the extensive tracheal system of insects are all adaptations that optimize what factor in the formula for Fick's Law of Diffusion?

Four-year old Sammy is having a temper-tantrum.In a final attempt to get his way, he yells to his mom, "I'm gonna hold my breath 'til I die!" What is the primary reason that Sammy's mom is unconcerned by this statement?

In the countercurrent exchange in a fish's gills, the oxygen concentration is always _______ in the water than the blood along the entire pathway of each lamella.

In tissue capillaries, __________ combines with water to form carbonic acid, which after being transported to the lungs, dissociates back to its constituents.

Most phyla of aquatic invertebrates have improved the rate of gas exchange by creating a water current over their respiratory surfaces, thereby _____.

During exhalation, the diaphragm _______.

What change would increase the rate of oxygen diffusing from lung alveoli into the blood?

Humans cannot survive long at altitudes greater than 6000 m because ________.

The North American pronghorn antelope can run almost as fast as a cheetah, but unlike the cheetah, can also sustain speeds of 30-40 mph for miles.The pronghorn is about the size of a large, domestic goat.You would predict the antelope to have a _____ than the goat.

The primary advantage of gills versus the body surface for gas exchange in aquatic animals is that ________.

When is the PO2 an especially strong stimulant of the respiratory control center in the brain of healthy individuals?

During your dissection of a fish, what structure would you have to remove to see the gills?

Each breath is initiated by neurons in the "respiratory control center" located in the

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When is the P_O2 an especially strong stimulant of the respiratory control center in the brain of healthy individuals?