Question 1

What is the mechanism by which binding of testosterone to the testosterone receptor leads to upregulated gene transcription?

Accepted Answer

A) Binding of testosterone to the testosterone receptor leads to the increase in second messengers that activate a kinase cascade, ultimately leading to the activation of transcription factors that promote gene transcription. 
B) Binding of testosterone to the testosterone receptor leads to the activation of a G protein that stimulates the activation of enzymes that promote gene transcription. 
C) Binding of testosterone to the testosterone receptor leads to a conformational change that allows the receptor to enter the nucleus where it can bind to DNA and promote gene transcription. 
D) Binding of testosterone to the testosterone receptor leads to the opening of an ion channel that leads to an increase in calcium in the cytoplasm.The increased calcium levels activate calmodulin, which can go on to activate other proteins that promote gene transcription. 
A) Binding of testosterone to the testosterone receptor leads to the increase in second messengers that activate a kinase cascade, ultimately leading to the activation of transcription factors that promote gene transcription. 
B) Binding of testosterone to the testosterone receptor leads to the activation of a G protein that stimulates the activation of enzymes that promote gene transcription. 
C) Binding of testosterone to the testosterone receptor leads to a conformational change that allows the receptor to enter the nucleus where it can bind to DNA and promote gene transcription. 
D) Binding of testosterone to the testosterone receptor leads to the opening of an ion channel that leads to an increase in calcium in the cytoplasm.The increased calcium levels activate calmodulin, which can go on to activate other proteins that promote gene transcription.

Question 2

What second messenger is directly involved in activating protein kinase C (PKC)?

Accepted Answer

A) DAG 
B) cAMP 
C) cGMP 
D) Phospholipase C 
A) DAG 
B) cAMP 
C) cGMP 
D) Phospholipase C

Question 3

What is the function of a protein kinase?

Accepted Answer

A) To remove phosphate groups from proteins 
B) To cleave membrane phospholipids 
C) To phosphorylate GDP to generate GTP 
D) To add phosphate groups onto proteins Protein kinases phosphorylate proteins 
A) To remove phosphate groups from proteins 
B) To cleave membrane phospholipids 
C) To phosphorylate GDP to generate GTP 
D) To add phosphate groups onto proteins Protein kinases phosphorylate proteins

Exam 9: Cell Communication

What is the mechanism by which binding of testosterone to the testosterone receptor leads to upregulated gene transcription?

What second messenger is directly involved in activating protein kinase C (PKC)?

What is the function of a protein kinase?

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