Question 1

To avoid returning to the lymph nodes, effector cells

Accepted Answer

A) up-regulate chemokine receptors to allow them to home in to site of infection. 
B) down-regulate L-selectin, so they do not enter the high-endothelial venules (HEVs). 
C) down-regulate chemokine receptors, so they do not enter the high-endothelial venules (HEVs). 
D) up-regulate chemokine receptors and downregulate L-selectin. 
E) down-regulate both L-selectin and chemokine receptors. 
A) up-regulate chemokine receptors to allow them to home in to site of infection. 
B) down-regulate L-selectin, so they do not enter the high-endothelial venules (HEVs). 
C) down-regulate chemokine receptors, so they do not enter the high-endothelial venules (HEVs). 
D) up-regulate chemokine receptors and downregulate L-selectin. 
E) down-regulate both L-selectin and chemokine receptors.

Question 2

Which of the following mechanisms of travel to lymph nodes by unprocessed antigen is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A) Small and soluble antigens travel through afferent lymphatics as opsonized particles. 
B) Small and soluble antigens travel directly through the bloodstream. 
C) Large particles and pathogens travel directly through the bloodstream. 
D) Opsonized pathogens travel directly through the bloodstream. 
E) Small particles are carried by macrophages. 
A) Small and soluble antigens travel through afferent lymphatics as opsonized particles. 
B) Small and soluble antigens travel directly through the bloodstream. 
C) Large particles and pathogens travel directly through the bloodstream. 
D) Opsonized pathogens travel directly through the bloodstream. 
E) Small particles are carried by macrophages.

Question 3

What are the steps required for a naïve B cell to achieve activation in vivo? Explain the significance of each step.

Accepted Answer

B cells require two signals to activate:

Question 4

The use of complement receptor deficient cells has shown that

Accepted Answer

A) normal B cells sample antigen on macrophages and leave it intact. 
B) normal B cells sample antigen on macrophages and take part of it. 
C) complement receptor-deficient B cells do not sample antigen on macrophages. 
D) complement receptor-deficient B cells sample antigen on macrophages and take part of it. 
E) None of the answers are correct. 
A) normal B cells sample antigen on macrophages and leave it intact. 
B) normal B cells sample antigen on macrophages and take part of it. 
C) complement receptor-deficient B cells do not sample antigen on macrophages. 
D) complement receptor-deficient B cells sample antigen on macrophages and take part of it. 
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 5

Pattern-recognition receptors on innate immune cells

Accepted Answer

A) coordinate killing of pathogens. 
B) alert the adaptive immune system of an infection. 
C) recognize specific pathogen. 
D) both coordinate killing of pathogens and alert the adaptive immune system of an infection. 
E) both coordinate killing of pathogens and recognize specific pathogens. 
A) coordinate killing of pathogens. 
B) alert the adaptive immune system of an infection. 
C) recognize specific pathogen. 
D) both coordinate killing of pathogens and alert the adaptive immune system of an infection. 
E) both coordinate killing of pathogens and recognize specific pathogens.

Question 6

Tracking of responses to a transgenic pathogen (toxoplasma) has shown that

Accepted Answer

A) T-cell behavior followed patterns predicted by previous studies. 
B) dendritic cell behavior followed patterns predicted by previous studies. 
C) lymph-node architecture changed due to inflammation. 
D) T cells divided at the site of infection. 
E) All of the answers are correct. 
A) T-cell behavior followed patterns predicted by previous studies. 
B) dendritic cell behavior followed patterns predicted by previous studies. 
C) lymph-node architecture changed due to inflammation. 
D) T cells divided at the site of infection. 
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 7

Studies of graft rejection using cells labeled with fluorescent markers demonstrate that

Accepted Answer

A) any infiltration of a skin graft depends on MHC mismatch. 
B) deep infiltration of a skin graft depends on MHC mismatch. 
C) host antigen-presenting cells enter the skin graft before migrating to lymph nodes. 
D) both any infiltration of a skin graft depends on MHC mismatch, and host antigen-presenting cells enter the skin graft before migrating to lymph nodes. 
E) both any infiltration of a skin graft depends on MHC mismatch and host antigen-presenting cells enter the skin graft before migrating to lymph nodes. 
A) any infiltration of a skin graft depends on MHC mismatch. 
B) deep infiltration of a skin graft depends on MHC mismatch. 
C) host antigen-presenting cells enter the skin graft before migrating to lymph nodes. 
D) both any infiltration of a skin graft depends on MHC mismatch, and host antigen-presenting cells enter the skin graft before migrating to lymph nodes. 
E) both any infiltration of a skin graft depends on MHC mismatch and host antigen-presenting cells enter the skin graft before migrating to lymph nodes.

Question 8

Early in an infection, antigen-presenting cells

Accepted Answer

A) become less effective at phagocytosis. 
B) become more effective at antigen processing. 
C) become less effective at cross presentation. 
D) recruit more adaptive immune cells than innate immune cells. 
E) remain at the site of infection. 
A) become less effective at phagocytosis. 
B) become more effective at antigen processing. 
C) become less effective at cross presentation. 
D) recruit more adaptive immune cells than innate immune cells. 
E) remain at the site of infection.

Question 9

A line of mice develops wherein the S1P1 gene is excised following lymphocyte development.What effect would this have on the immune response?

Accepted Answer

S1P1 is important because it allows lymp

Question 10

A major difference between naïve and effector lymphocytes is that effector lymphocytes

Accepted Answer

A) follow chemokine trails. 
B) do not home in to the lymph nodes. 
C) do not require co-stimulation. 
D) All of the answers are correct. 
E) None of the answers are correct. 
A) follow chemokine trails. 
B) do not home in to the lymph nodes. 
C) do not require co-stimulation. 
D) All of the answers are correct. 
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 11

Explain how the immune system both responds to and controls Toxoplasma gondii infection in the brain.

Accepted Answer

Antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells in the lymp

Question 12

S1P1 receptor is upregulated by naïve T cells and B cells after 12-18 hours if they fail to encounter antigen in the lymph node.This means all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) the naïve cells have not been activated. 
B) the naïve cells have not encountered antigen. 
C) the naïve cells will exit the lymph node. 
D) space will be made for other cells to enter the lymph node. 
E) the naïve cells will die by apoptosis. 
A) the naïve cells have not been activated. 
B) the naïve cells have not encountered antigen. 
C) the naïve cells will exit the lymph node. 
D) space will be made for other cells to enter the lymph node. 
E) the naïve cells will die by apoptosis.

Question 13

Which of the following adaptive cell types' response is MOST similar to innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

A) Central memory T cells. 
B) Effector memory T cells. 
C) Tissue-resident memory T cells. 
D) Memory B cells. 
E) None of the answers are correct. 
A) Central memory T cells. 
B) Effector memory T cells. 
C) Tissue-resident memory T cells. 
D) Memory B cells. 
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 14

What are the three types of memory cells in the body? Where is each type located?

Accepted Answer

Memory cells are either central memory,

Question 15

Immune responses are often ineffective - in some cases, these responses can contribute to disease through which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

A) Listeria 
B) Tissue grafts 
C) Solid tumors 
D) Type 1 diabetes 
E) All of the conditions are contributed to by immune responses. 
A) Listeria 
B) Tissue grafts 
C) Solid tumors 
D) Type 1 diabetes 
E) All of the conditions are contributed to by immune responses.

Question 16

Continual lymphocyte circulation is needed because

Accepted Answer

A) antigen is usually present in large amounts. 
B) lymphocytes have a small chance of recognizing a particular antigen. 
C) the chance of a naïve cell encountering its target antigen is moderately high. 
D) there are relatively few antigen-presenting cells in the lymph nodes compared to lymphocytes. 
E) All of the answers are correct. 
A) antigen is usually present in large amounts. 
B) lymphocytes have a small chance of recognizing a particular antigen. 
C) the chance of a naïve cell encountering its target antigen is moderately high. 
D) there are relatively few antigen-presenting cells in the lymph nodes compared to lymphocytes. 
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 17

B cells have been shown to need two signals for activation.Absent T-cell help, they will NOT activate because

Accepted Answer

A) T cells provide signal 1 through the B-cell receptor. 
B) T cells provide signal 2 through the B-cell receptor. 
C) T cells activate B cells indirectly by activating follicular dendritic cells. 
D) T cells activate B cells through CD40 signaling. 
E) B cells will still activate because of dendritic cells. 
A) T cells provide signal 1 through the B-cell receptor. 
B) T cells provide signal 2 through the B-cell receptor. 
C) T cells activate B cells indirectly by activating follicular dendritic cells. 
D) T cells activate B cells through CD40 signaling. 
E) B cells will still activate because of dendritic cells.

Question 18

What is one component, activity, or interaction in the immune system of which you would want high-quality video? What might it assist you in evaluating? How would you apply this to your studies? Explain.

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary but the resp

Question 19

As antigen is picked up in peripheral tissues by antigen-presenting cells, it is

Accepted Answer

A) processed for presentation to B cells. 
B) processed for presentation to T cells. 
C) moved without processing over several hours to the lymph nodes. 
D) taken in unprocessed form for presentation to T cells. 
E) All of the answers are correct. 
A) processed for presentation to B cells. 
B) processed for presentation to T cells. 
C) moved without processing over several hours to the lymph nodes. 
D) taken in unprocessed form for presentation to T cells. 
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 20

In tissues, B cells seek out T cell help in

Accepted Answer

A) bone marrow. 
B) afferent lymphatics. 
C) the follicle border of lymph nodes. 
D) the red pulp of the spleen. 
E) All of the answers are correct. 
A) bone marrow. 
B) afferent lymphatics. 
C) the follicle border of lymph nodes. 
D) the red pulp of the spleen. 
E) All of the answers are correct.

To avoid returning to the lymph nodes, effector cells

Which of the following mechanisms of travel to lymph nodes by unprocessed antigen is CORRECT?

What are the steps required for a naïve B cell to achieve activation in vivo? Explain the significance of each step.

The use of complement receptor deficient cells has shown that

Pattern-recognition receptors on innate immune cells

Tracking of responses to a transgenic pathogen (toxoplasma) has shown that

Studies of graft rejection using cells labeled with fluorescent markers demonstrate that

Early in an infection, antigen-presenting cells

A line of mice develops wherein the S1P1 gene is excised following lymphocyte development.What effect would this have on the immune response?

A major difference between naïve and effector lymphocytes is that effector lymphocytes

Explain how the immune system both responds to and controls Toxoplasma gondii infection in the brain.

S1P1 receptor is upregulated by naïve T cells and B cells after 12-18 hours if they fail to encounter antigen in the lymph node.This means all of the following EXCEPT

Which of the following adaptive cell types' response is MOST similar to innate immunity?

What are the three types of memory cells in the body? Where is each type located?

Immune responses are often ineffective - in some cases, these responses can contribute to disease through which of the following conditions?

Continual lymphocyte circulation is needed because

B cells have been shown to need two signals for activation.Absent T-cell help, they will NOT activate because

What is one component, activity, or interaction in the immune system of which you would want high-quality video? What might it assist you in evaluating? How would you apply this to your studies? Explain.

As antigen is picked up in peripheral tissues by antigen-presenting cells, it is

In tissues, B cells seek out T cell help in

Overview of the Immune System

Cells, Organs, and Microenvironments of the Immune System

Recognition and Response

Innate Immunity

The Complement System

The Organization and Expression of Lymphocyte Receptor Genes

The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen Presentation

T-Cell Development

B-Cell Development

T-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

B-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

Effector Responses: Cell- and Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Mucosal Immunity and the Microbiome

Allergy, Hypersensitivities, and Chronic Inflammation

Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Transplantation

Infectious Diseases and Vaccines

Immunodeficiency Disorders

Cancer and the Immune System

Experimental Methods and Systems

Filters

Exam 14: The Immune Response in Time and Space

To avoid returning to the lymph nodes, effector cells

Which of the following mechanisms of travel to lymph nodes by unprocessed antigen is CORRECT?

What are the steps required for a naïve B cell to achieve activation in vivo? Explain the significance of each step.

The use of complement receptor deficient cells has shown that

Pattern-recognition receptors on innate immune cells

Tracking of responses to a transgenic pathogen (toxoplasma) has shown that

Studies of graft rejection using cells labeled with fluorescent markers demonstrate that

Early in an infection, antigen-presenting cells

A line of mice develops wherein the S1P1 gene is excised following lymphocyte development.What effect would this have on the immune response?

A major difference between naïve and effector lymphocytes is that effector lymphocytes

Explain how the immune system both responds to and controls Toxoplasma gondii infection in the brain.

S1P1 receptor is upregulated by naïve T cells and B cells after 12-18 hours if they fail to encounter antigen in the lymph node.This means all of the following EXCEPT

Which of the following adaptive cell types' response is MOST similar to innate immunity?

What are the three types of memory cells in the body? Where is each type located?

Immune responses are often ineffective - in some cases, these responses can contribute to disease through which of the following conditions?

Continual lymphocyte circulation is needed because

B cells have been shown to need two signals for activation.Absent T-cell help, they will NOT activate because

What is one component, activity, or interaction in the immune system of which you would want high-quality video? What might it assist you in evaluating? How would you apply this to your studies? Explain.

As antigen is picked up in peripheral tissues by antigen-presenting cells, it is

In tissues, B cells seek out T cell help in

Overview of the Immune System

Cells, Organs, and Microenvironments of the Immune System

Recognition and Response

Innate Immunity

The Complement System

The Organization and Expression of Lymphocyte Receptor Genes

The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen Presentation

T-Cell Development

B-Cell Development

T-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

B-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Memory

Effector Responses: Cell- and Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Mucosal Immunity and the Microbiome

Allergy, Hypersensitivities, and Chronic Inflammation

Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Transplantation

Infectious Diseases and Vaccines

Immunodeficiency Disorders

Cancer and the Immune System

Experimental Methods and Systems

Filters