Question 1

Through _____, learned responses that are not reinforced gradually fade away.

Accepted Answer

A) spontaneous recovery 
B) intermittent fading 
C) counterconditioning 
D) operant extinction 
A) spontaneous recovery 
B) intermittent fading 
C) counterconditioning 
D) operant extinction

Question 2

Stephanie had successfully used extinction to eliminate her son's temper tantrums.However, several weeks later, her son threw another temper tantrum.Stephanie should be advised that

Accepted Answer

A) she should have used an intermittent punishment schedule to stop the temper tantrums. 
B) spontaneous recoveries do occur and to continue ignoring the tantrums. 
C) she should have used negative reinforcement to stop the temper tantrums. 
D) her child will outgrow the tantrums in a few years. 
A) she should have used an intermittent punishment schedule to stop the temper tantrums. 
B) spontaneous recoveries do occur and to continue ignoring the tantrums. 
C) she should have used negative reinforcement to stop the temper tantrums. 
D) her child will outgrow the tantrums in a few years.

Question 3

A reinforcer that becomes reinforcing because it became associated with food would be called a _____ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A) primary 
B) classical 
C) negative 
D) secondary 
A) primary 
B) classical 
C) negative 
D) secondary

Question 4

Direct stimulation of "pleasure centers" in the brains of rats can serve as _____ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) primary 
B) secondary 
C) negative 
D) generalized 
A) primary 
B) secondary 
C) negative 
D) generalized

Question 5

Programmed instruction

Accepted Answer

A) provides information in small amounts. 
B) gives frequent feedback to keep learners from practicing errors. 
C) lets students work at their own pace. 
D) provides all of these. 
A) provides information in small amounts. 
B) gives frequent feedback to keep learners from practicing errors. 
C) lets students work at their own pace. 
D) provides all of these.

Question 6

A driver learns to drive more safely when a police car is present.The fact that he does implies that the police car has become a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcer. 
B) discriminative stimulus. 
C) punisher. 
D) example of shaping. 
A) reinforcer. 
B) discriminative stimulus. 
C) punisher. 
D) example of shaping.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes punishment?

Accepted Answer

A) addition of a positive event 
B) addition of an aversive event 
C) increasing response frequency 
D) withdrawal of a negative event 
A) addition of a positive event 
B) addition of an aversive event 
C) increasing response frequency 
D) withdrawal of a negative event

Question 8

To teach a child to eat spaghetti, you would reinforce initial responses, such as holding the fork, and then increasingly closer approximations to the final response, a procedure known as

Accepted Answer

A) counter conditioning. 
B) secondary conditioning. 
C) desensitization. 
D) shaping. 
A) counter conditioning. 
B) secondary conditioning. 
C) desensitization. 
D) shaping.

Question 9

Punishment is LEAST effective in stopping a behavior when it is

Accepted Answer

A) intense. 
B) consistent. 
C) delayed. 
D) immediate. 
A) intense. 
B) consistent. 
C) delayed. 
D) immediate.

Question 10

If you study to achieve an A, you are studying because of _____, while studying to relieve your fear of making an F involves _____.

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement 
B) positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement 
C) positive reinforcement; punishment 
D) primary reinforcement; secondary reinforcement 
A) negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement 
B) positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement 
C) positive reinforcement; punishment 
D) primary reinforcement; secondary reinforcement

Question 11

The runner on first base who steals second on the next pitch after observing the third base coach tug twice on his cap is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

A) the Premack principle. 
B) classical conditioning. 
C) behavioral contracting. 
D) stimulus control. 
A) the Premack principle. 
B) classical conditioning. 
C) behavioral contracting. 
D) stimulus control.

Question 12

Stimuli that precede reinforced and nonreinforced responses are known as

Accepted Answer

A) facilitating stimuli. 
B) reinforcing stimuli. 
C) avoidance stimuli. 
D) discriminative stimuli. 
A) facilitating stimuli. 
B) reinforcing stimuli. 
C) avoidance stimuli. 
D) discriminative stimuli.

Question 13

The effectiveness of punishers depends greatly on all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) timing. 
B) consistency. 
C) intensity. 
D) generalization. 
A) timing. 
B) consistency. 
C) intensity. 
D) generalization.

Question 14

The schedule of reinforcement in which a set number of responses must be made for each reward is called

Accepted Answer

A) fixed ratio. 
B) fixed interval. 
C) variable ratio. 
D) variable interval. 
A) fixed ratio. 
B) fixed interval. 
C) variable ratio. 
D) variable interval.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real world example of using the response cost technique to change people's behaviors so that they will increase their conservation efforts?

Accepted Answer

A) information regarding the number of gallons of water consumed that week 
B) cash back for recycling 
C) an energy tax on gasoline 
D) none of these 
A) information regarding the number of gallons of water consumed that week 
B) cash back for recycling 
C) an energy tax on gasoline 
D) none of these

Question 16

_____ reinforcers gain their ability to promote learning because they are associated with primary reinforcers or can be exchanged for primary reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

A) Secondary 
B) Stimulus 
C) Higher-order 
D) Negative 
A) Secondary 
B) Stimulus 
C) Higher-order 
D) Negative

Question 17

Escape learning reflects the operation of

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) respondent conditioning. 
A) positive reinforcement. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) respondent conditioning.

Question 18

Because taking a drug reduces withdrawal symptoms, taking the drug is

Accepted Answer

A) negatively reinforced. 
B) positively reinforced. 
C) vicariously reinforced. 
D) extinguished. 
A) negatively reinforced. 
B) positively reinforced. 
C) vicariously reinforced. 
D) extinguished.

Question 19

Many natural _____ reinforcers activate the same pleasure pathways in the brain that make ICS so powerful.

Accepted Answer

A) primary 
B) secondary 
C) conditional 
D) elicited 
A) primary 
B) secondary 
C) conditional 
D) elicited

Question 20

One thing that reinforcement and punishment have in common is that both

Accepted Answer

A) produce positive transfer. 
B) act as generalized rewards for learning. 
C) are less effective if they are delayed. 
D) are necessary for biofeedback training to be effective. 
A) produce positive transfer. 
B) act as generalized rewards for learning. 
C) are less effective if they are delayed. 
D) are necessary for biofeedback training to be effective.

Exam 7: Extension B: Conditioning and Learning

Through _____, learned responses that are not reinforced gradually fade away.

Stephanie had successfully used extinction to eliminate her son's temper tantrums.However, several weeks later, her son threw another temper tantrum.Stephanie should be advised that

A reinforcer that becomes reinforcing because it became associated with food would be called a _____ reinforcer.

Direct stimulation of "pleasure centers" in the brains of rats can serve as _____ reinforcement.

Programmed instruction

A driver learns to drive more safely when a police car is present.The fact that he does implies that the police car has become a(n)

Which of the following best describes punishment?

To teach a child to eat spaghetti, you would reinforce initial responses, such as holding the fork, and then increasingly closer approximations to the final response, a procedure known as

Punishment is LEAST effective in stopping a behavior when it is

If you study to achieve an A, you are studying because of _____, while studying to relieve your fear of making an F involves _____.

The runner on first base who steals second on the next pitch after observing the third base coach tug twice on his cap is demonstrating

Stimuli that precede reinforced and nonreinforced responses are known as

The effectiveness of punishers depends greatly on all of the following EXCEPT

The schedule of reinforcement in which a set number of responses must be made for each reward is called

Which of the following is a real world example of using the response cost technique to change people's behaviors so that they will increase their conservation efforts?

_____ reinforcers gain their ability to promote learning because they are associated with primary reinforcers or can be exchanged for primary reinforcers.

Escape learning reflects the operation of

Because taking a drug reduces withdrawal symptoms, taking the drug is

Many natural _____ reinforcers activate the same pleasure pathways in the brain that make ICS so powerful.

One thing that reinforcement and punishment have in common is that both

Introduction the Psychology

Extension A: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Extension B: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Extension C: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Extension A: Brain and Behavior

Extension B: Brain and Behavior

Extension C: Brain and Behavior

Extension A: Human Development

Extension B: Human Development

Extension C: Human Development

Extension D: Human Development

Extension A: Sensation and Reality

Extension B: Sensation and Reality

Extension A: Perceiving the World

Extension B: Perceiving the World

Extension A: States of Consciousness

Extension B: States of Consciousness

Extension C: States of Consciousness

Extension D: States of Consciousness

Extension A: Conditioning and Learning

Extension C: Conditioning and Learning

Extension A: Memory

Extension B: Memory

Extension C: Memory

Extension A: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension B: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension C: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension D: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension A: Motivation and Emotion

Extension B: Motivation and Emotion

Extension C: Motivation and Emotion

Extension D: Motivation and Emotion

Extension A: Gender and Sexuality

Extension B: Gender and Sexuality

Extension C: Gender and Sexuality

Extension A: Personality

Extension B: Personality

Extension C: Personality

Extension D: Personality

Extension A: Health, Stress, and Coping

Extension B: Health, Stress, and Coping

Extension C: Health, Stress, and Coping

Extension A: Psychological Disorders

Extension B: Psychological Disorders

Extension C: Psychological Disorders

Extension D: Psychological Disorders

Extension A: Therapies

Extension B: Therapies

Extension C: Therapies

Extension D: Therapies

Extension A: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Extension B: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Extension C: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Extension A: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Extension B: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Extension C: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Extension A: Applied Psychology

Extension B: Applied Psychology

Extension C: Applied Psychology

If you study to achieve an A, you are studying because of _, while studying to relieve your fear of making an F involves _.