Question 1

A _____ can be either the onset of an unpleasant event or the removal of a positive state of affairs (response cost).

Accepted Answer

A) punisher 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) threat 
D) discriminative stimulus 
A) punisher 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) threat 
D) discriminative stimulus

Question 2

Research that supports the notion that animals, such as pigeons, rats, and scrub jays, are sensitive to the passage of time includes

Accepted Answer

A) the behavior of pigeons and rats on fixed interval schedules. 
B) pigeons that learn to peck at different keys based on the time. 
C) scrub jays' choice of hoarded food based on which food would be edible or not after five days. 
D) all of these. 
A) the behavior of pigeons and rats on fixed interval schedules. 
B) pigeons that learn to peck at different keys based on the time. 
C) scrub jays' choice of hoarded food based on which food would be edible or not after five days. 
D) all of these.

Question 3

According to your text, a key element that underlies learning is

Accepted Answer

A) feedback. 
B) complex motivation. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) progression. 
A) feedback. 
B) complex motivation. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) progression.

Question 4

Of the reinforcement schedules listed, which is the most addictive and resistant to extinction?

Accepted Answer

A) fixed interval 
B) fixed ratio 
C) variable ratio 
D) continuous reinforcement 
A) fixed interval 
B) fixed ratio 
C) variable ratio 
D) continuous reinforcement

Question 5

The chief contribution of computer-assisted instruction is that it

Accepted Answer

A) leads to greater cooperation among students. 
B) can save much time and effort. 
C) provides an easy means of evaluating student performance. 
D) leads to higher levels of mastery. 
A) leads to greater cooperation among students. 
B) can save much time and effort. 
C) provides an easy means of evaluating student performance. 
D) leads to higher levels of mastery.

Question 6

Punishment works best when it is

Accepted Answer

A) immediate and consistent. 
B) delayed and mild. 
C) inconsistent and mild. 
D) delayed and intense. 
A) immediate and consistent. 
B) delayed and mild. 
C) inconsistent and mild. 
D) delayed and intense.

Question 7

Once a student learns to solve one math equation, she can utilize these same formulas with similar problems.This student is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

A) operant stimulus discrimination. 
B) operant stimulus generalization. 
C) response chaining. 
D) latent learning. 
A) operant stimulus discrimination. 
B) operant stimulus generalization. 
C) response chaining. 
D) latent learning.

Question 8

In a _____ schedule, the first correct response made after a set time period has passed is reinforced.(Responses made during this time period are not reinforced.)

Accepted Answer

A) fixed ratio 
B) fixed interval 
C) variable ratio 
D) variable interval 
A) fixed ratio 
B) fixed interval 
C) variable ratio 
D) variable interval

Question 9

Katherine is a telemarketer who receives $15 for every ten calls she makes.Katherine is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) fixed interval 
B) fixed ratio 
C) variable ratio 
D) variable interval 
A) fixed interval 
B) fixed ratio 
C) variable ratio 
D) variable interval

Question 10

You live in an apartment and your neighbor's stereo is blasting so loudly that your ears hurt.If you pound on the wall and the volume suddenly drops, you are more likely to pound on the wall again if the stereo is loud because you have been _____.However, if you pound on the wall, and the volume increases, you are less likely to pound on the wall because you have been _____.

Accepted Answer

A) punished; negatively reinforced 
B) negatively reinforced; punished 
C) positively reinforced; negatively reinforced 
D) positively reinforced; punished 
A) punished; negatively reinforced 
B) negatively reinforced; punished 
C) positively reinforced; negatively reinforced 
D) positively reinforced; punished

Question 11

Negative attention-seeking will develop in some children because

Accepted Answer

A) punishment is always ineffective and teaches aggression. 
B) the parents reward the children's correct social behaviors in only limited situations. 
C) punishment was not used to get rid of the negative attention seeking in the children. 
D) the children receive attention when they are ill-behaved but are ignored when they are well-behaved. 
A) punishment is always ineffective and teaches aggression. 
B) the parents reward the children's correct social behaviors in only limited situations. 
C) punishment was not used to get rid of the negative attention seeking in the children. 
D) the children receive attention when they are ill-behaved but are ignored when they are well-behaved.

Question 12

Which of the following is a real world example of using positive reinforcement to change people's behaviors so that they would increase their conservation efforts?

Accepted Answer

A) information regarding the number of gallons of water consumed that week 
B) rebates for buying energy-efficient appliances or cars 
C) an energy tax on gasoline 
D) none of these 
A) information regarding the number of gallons of water consumed that week 
B) rebates for buying energy-efficient appliances or cars 
C) an energy tax on gasoline 
D) none of these

Question 13

A reinforced response tends to be made again when similar antecedents are present.This is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A) operant reinforcement control. 
B) operant stimulus generalization. 
C) operant stimulus disinhibition. 
D) spontaneous recovery. 
A) operant reinforcement control. 
B) operant stimulus generalization. 
C) operant stimulus disinhibition. 
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 14

_____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded operant reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) Operant stimulus discrimination 
B) Operant stimulus generalization 
C) Operant disinhibition 
D) Spontaneous recovery 
A) Operant stimulus discrimination 
B) Operant stimulus generalization 
C) Operant disinhibition 
D) Spontaneous recovery

Question 15

Jimmy's mother slaps his hand when he reaches for his third before-dinner cookie.Later, Jimmy's behavior will probably

Accepted Answer

A) increase. 
B) disappear. 
C) reappear. 
D) become displaced. 
A) increase. 
B) disappear. 
C) reappear. 
D) become displaced.

Question 16

One of the primary principles of punishment states that

Accepted Answer

A) punishment is much more effective than reinforcement. 
B) punishment is really just another form of negative reinforcement. 
C) punishment must never be given contingently. 
D) a punisher can be either the onset of an unpleasant event or the removal of a positive state of affairs. 
A) punishment is much more effective than reinforcement. 
B) punishment is really just another form of negative reinforcement. 
C) punishment must never be given contingently. 
D) a punisher can be either the onset of an unpleasant event or the removal of a positive state of affairs.

Question 17

When individuals are provided feedback as to the amount of materials they are recycling on a weekly basis,

Accepted Answer

A) they typically recycle more. 
B) they typically recycle less. 
C) the feedback has no effect on recycling behavior. 
D) recycling increases if the feedback is negative. 
A) they typically recycle more. 
B) they typically recycle less. 
C) the feedback has no effect on recycling behavior. 
D) recycling increases if the feedback is negative.

Question 18

The principle of feedback is of particular importance to

Accepted Answer

A) CERs. 
B) ICS. 
C) CAI. 
D) higher-order conditioning. 
A) CERs. 
B) ICS. 
C) CAI. 
D) higher-order conditioning.

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of response cost?

Accepted Answer

A) A child is spanked for breaking an expensive vase. 
B) A child is grounded for coming in an hour late. 
C) A rat learns to run a maze always turning to the right to avoid shock. 
D) A woman leaves an abusive marriage in order to save her life. 
A) A child is spanked for breaking an expensive vase. 
B) A child is grounded for coming in an hour late. 
C) A rat learns to run a maze always turning to the right to avoid shock. 
D) A woman leaves an abusive marriage in order to save her life.

Question 20

People using CAI often do better with feedback form a computer because it

Accepted Answer

A) is more accurate. 
B) allows them to freely make mistakes and learn from them. 
C) reinforces on a fixed ratio schedule rather than a fixed interval schedule. 
D) gives multi-sensory feedback. 
A) is more accurate. 
B) allows them to freely make mistakes and learn from them. 
C) reinforces on a fixed ratio schedule rather than a fixed interval schedule. 
D) gives multi-sensory feedback.

Exam 7: Extension B: Conditioning and Learning

A _____ can be either the onset of an unpleasant event or the removal of a positive state of affairs (response cost).

Research that supports the notion that animals, such as pigeons, rats, and scrub jays, are sensitive to the passage of time includes

According to your text, a key element that underlies learning is

Of the reinforcement schedules listed, which is the most addictive and resistant to extinction?

The chief contribution of computer-assisted instruction is that it

Punishment works best when it is

Once a student learns to solve one math equation, she can utilize these same formulas with similar problems.This student is demonstrating

In a _____ schedule, the first correct response made after a set time period has passed is reinforced.(Responses made during this time period are not reinforced.)

Katherine is a telemarketer who receives $15 for every ten calls she makes.Katherine is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Negative attention-seeking will develop in some children because

Which of the following is a real world example of using positive reinforcement to change people's behaviors so that they would increase their conservation efforts?

A reinforced response tends to be made again when similar antecedents are present.This is referred to as

_____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded operant reinforcement.

Jimmy's mother slaps his hand when he reaches for his third before-dinner cookie.Later, Jimmy's behavior will probably

One of the primary principles of punishment states that

When individuals are provided feedback as to the amount of materials they are recycling on a weekly basis,

The principle of feedback is of particular importance to

Which of the following is an example of response cost?

People using CAI often do better with feedback form a computer because it

Introduction the Psychology

Extension A: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Extension B: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Extension C: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Extension A: Brain and Behavior

Extension B: Brain and Behavior

Extension C: Brain and Behavior

Extension A: Human Development

Extension B: Human Development

Extension C: Human Development

Extension D: Human Development

Extension A: Sensation and Reality

Extension B: Sensation and Reality

Extension A: Perceiving the World

Extension B: Perceiving the World

Extension A: States of Consciousness

Extension B: States of Consciousness

Extension C: States of Consciousness

Extension D: States of Consciousness

Extension A: Conditioning and Learning

Extension C: Conditioning and Learning

Extension A: Memory

Extension B: Memory

Extension C: Memory

Extension A: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension B: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension C: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension D: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension A: Motivation and Emotion

Extension B: Motivation and Emotion

Extension C: Motivation and Emotion

Extension D: Motivation and Emotion

Extension A: Gender and Sexuality

Extension B: Gender and Sexuality

Extension C: Gender and Sexuality

Extension A: Personality

Extension B: Personality

Extension C: Personality

Extension D: Personality

Extension A: Health, Stress, and Coping

Extension B: Health, Stress, and Coping

Extension C: Health, Stress, and Coping

Extension A: Psychological Disorders

Extension B: Psychological Disorders

Extension C: Psychological Disorders

Extension D: Psychological Disorders

Extension A: Therapies

Extension B: Therapies

Extension C: Therapies

Extension D: Therapies

Extension A: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Extension B: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Extension C: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Extension A: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Extension B: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Extension C: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Extension A: Applied Psychology

Extension B: Applied Psychology

Extension C: Applied Psychology

Appendix A: Behavioral Statistics