Question 1

Negative reinforcement _____ responding; punishment _____ responding.

Accepted Answer

A) increases; increases 
B) decreases; decreases 
C) increases; decreases 
D) decreases; increases 
A) increases; increases 
B) decreases; decreases 
C) increases; decreases 
D) decreases; increases

Question 2

The brief return of an operant response after extinction is known as

Accepted Answer

A) a token reinforcement. 
B) stimulus generalization. 
C) a spontaneous recovery. 
D) satiation. 
A) a token reinforcement. 
B) stimulus generalization. 
C) a spontaneous recovery. 
D) satiation.

Question 3

In laboratory experiments, a cumulative recorder, which is a device with a moving strip of paper and a mechanical pen, is connected to a Skinner box.Rapid responding causes the pen to draw _____, while _____ indicate(s) no response.

Accepted Answer

A) a steep line; a horizontal line 
B) a horizontal line; a steep line 
C) heavy marks; empty spaces 
D) a horizontal line; empty spaces 
A) a steep line; a horizontal line 
B) a horizontal line; a steep line 
C) heavy marks; empty spaces 
D) a horizontal line; empty spaces

Question 4

Knowledge of results (KR) is also known as

Accepted Answer

A) informational feedback. 
B) partial reinforcement. 
C) response cost management. 
D) vicarious conditioning. 
A) informational feedback. 
B) partial reinforcement. 
C) response cost management. 
D) vicarious conditioning.

Question 5

A teacher tells her first graders that whenever the bell on her clock rings, the students who are in their seats will each receive one token to put in their "happy jars." She then says, "No one knows when the clock will ring.It might be ten minutes, it might be 17 minutes, or only five minutes; so you better be in your seat." The teacher is using a _____ schedule of reinforcement for "in-seat" behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) fixed ratio 
B) fixed interval 
C) variable ratio 
D) variable interval 
A) fixed ratio 
B) fixed interval 
C) variable ratio 
D) variable interval

Question 6

Extinction in operant conditioning involves

Accepted Answer

A) withholding reinforcement. 
B) punishment. 
C) test trials. 
D) shaping. 
A) withholding reinforcement. 
B) punishment. 
C) test trials. 
D) shaping.

Question 7

You come home from work and find that your dog has dug up the tree you just planted.To reduce this digging, you would be best advised to punish the dog

Accepted Answer

A) as the dog begins to dig. 
B) as soon as you get home and discover the hole. 
C) several hours after digging. 
D) by taking the dog to each hole he has dug recently and then punishing him. 
A) as the dog begins to dig. 
B) as soon as you get home and discover the hole. 
C) several hours after digging. 
D) by taking the dog to each hole he has dug recently and then punishing him.

Question 8

Punishers are best defined as

Accepted Answer

A) any event that decreases the probability or frequency of a responses it follows. 
B) any stimulus that increases the probability of a response by its presentation. 
C) any event that increases the probability of a response by its removal. 
D) a negative reinforcer. 
A) any event that decreases the probability or frequency of a responses it follows. 
B) any stimulus that increases the probability of a response by its presentation. 
C) any event that increases the probability of a response by its removal. 
D) a negative reinforcer.

Question 9

_____ develops when children are ignored for playing quietly, but are given attention in the form of scolding for "showing off," breaking something, or throwing a temper tantrum.

Accepted Answer

A) Negative shaping 
B) Negative attention seeking 
C) Negative transference 
D) Counterconditioning 
A) Negative shaping 
B) Negative attention seeking 
C) Negative transference 
D) Counterconditioning

Question 10

The most effective means of suppressing an unwanted response involves

Accepted Answer

A) negatively reinforcing the response. 
B) weak punishment. 
C) moderate punishment. 
D) severe punishment. 
A) negatively reinforcing the response. 
B) weak punishment. 
C) moderate punishment. 
D) severe punishment.

Question 11

Mild punishment

Accepted Answer

A) completely eliminates responses. 
B) suppresses responses. 
C) is better than reinforcement for response acquisition. 
D) is the same as negative reinforcement. 
A) completely eliminates responses. 
B) suppresses responses. 
C) is better than reinforcement for response acquisition. 
D) is the same as negative reinforcement.

Question 12

Plans for determining which responses will be reinforced are known as

Accepted Answer

A) schedules of reinforcement. 
B) successive approximations. 
C) token economies. 
D) programmed instruction. 
A) schedules of reinforcement. 
B) successive approximations. 
C) token economies. 
D) programmed instruction.

Question 13

Agricultural workers are paid according to the number of barrels of apples they pick.They are on which schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) fixed ratio 
B) fixed interval 
C) variable ratio 
D) variable interval 
A) fixed ratio 
B) fixed interval 
C) variable ratio 
D) variable interval

Question 14

Researchers who have examined the reinforcement aspects of recycling behavior found that people will recycle more often when

Accepted Answer

A) harsh punishment is provided for not recycling. 
B) monetary taxes are added for the use of containers that can be recycled. 
C) indirect feedback is provided regarding the recycling behavior of the American public. 
D) they feel a sense of satisfaction from helping protect the environment. 
A) harsh punishment is provided for not recycling. 
B) monetary taxes are added for the use of containers that can be recycled. 
C) indirect feedback is provided regarding the recycling behavior of the American public. 
D) they feel a sense of satisfaction from helping protect the environment.

Question 15

When you are first learning golf, you may hit one or two great shots in an entire round.You are being reinforced on what kind of partial reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

A) fixed interval 
B) fixed ratio 
C) variable ratio 
D) variable interval 
A) fixed interval 
B) fixed ratio 
C) variable ratio 
D) variable interval

Question 16

Every time you give advice to a friend, she suddenly turns cold and distant.Lately, you've stopped offering her advice because giving your friend advice has been

Accepted Answer

A) negatively reinforced. 
B) punished. 
C) classically conditioned. 
D) affected by all of these. 
A) negatively reinforced. 
B) punished. 
C) classically conditioned. 
D) affected by all of these.

Question 17

In _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer follows every correct response.

Accepted Answer

A) intermittent 
B) partial 
C) negative 
D) continuous 
A) intermittent 
B) partial 
C) negative 
D) continuous

Question 18

If the teacher scolds her students for talking and they decrease their talking, the teacher has used

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement. 
B) response cost. 
C) aversive punishment. 
D) all of these. 
A) negative reinforcement. 
B) response cost. 
C) aversive punishment. 
D) all of these.

Question 19

By a continuous reinforcement schedule, we mean that

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcements occur continuously regardless of the subject's behavior. 
B) responding without pausing is the requirement for reinforcement. 
C) each correct response is reinforced. 
D) reinforcement continues even when errors are made. 
A) reinforcements occur continuously regardless of the subject's behavior. 
B) responding without pausing is the requirement for reinforcement. 
C) each correct response is reinforced. 
D) reinforcement continues even when errors are made.

Question 20

Two groups of well-trained rats were placed on extinction.One group was punished with a slap on the paw for each bar press, while the other group was not.The experimenters found that bar pressing

Accepted Answer

A) reached extinction quicker for the rats whose paws were slapped. 
B) reached extinction quicker for the rats whose paws were not slapped. 
C) temporarily slowed for the rats whose paws were slapped with no difference in extinction time. 
D) remained high for both groups with extinction never being reached. 
A) reached extinction quicker for the rats whose paws were slapped. 
B) reached extinction quicker for the rats whose paws were not slapped. 
C) temporarily slowed for the rats whose paws were slapped with no difference in extinction time. 
D) remained high for both groups with extinction never being reached.

Exam 7: Extension B: Conditioning and Learning

Negative reinforcement _____ responding; punishment _____ responding.

The brief return of an operant response after extinction is known as

In laboratory experiments, a cumulative recorder, which is a device with a moving strip of paper and a mechanical pen, is connected to a Skinner box.Rapid responding causes the pen to draw _____, while _____ indicate(s) no response.

Knowledge of results (KR) is also known as

Extinction in operant conditioning involves

You come home from work and find that your dog has dug up the tree you just planted.To reduce this digging, you would be best advised to punish the dog

Punishers are best defined as

_____ develops when children are ignored for playing quietly, but are given attention in the form of scolding for "showing off," breaking something, or throwing a temper tantrum.

The most effective means of suppressing an unwanted response involves

Mild punishment

Plans for determining which responses will be reinforced are known as

Agricultural workers are paid according to the number of barrels of apples they pick.They are on which schedule of reinforcement?

Researchers who have examined the reinforcement aspects of recycling behavior found that people will recycle more often when

When you are first learning golf, you may hit one or two great shots in an entire round.You are being reinforced on what kind of partial reinforcement schedule?

Every time you give advice to a friend, she suddenly turns cold and distant.Lately, you've stopped offering her advice because giving your friend advice has been

In _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer follows every correct response.

If the teacher scolds her students for talking and they decrease their talking, the teacher has used

By a continuous reinforcement schedule, we mean that

Two groups of well-trained rats were placed on extinction.One group was punished with a slap on the paw for each bar press, while the other group was not.The experimenters found that bar pressing

Introduction the Psychology

Extension A: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Extension B: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Extension C: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Extension A: Brain and Behavior

Extension B: Brain and Behavior

Extension C: Brain and Behavior

Extension A: Human Development

Extension B: Human Development

Extension C: Human Development

Extension D: Human Development

Extension A: Sensation and Reality

Extension B: Sensation and Reality

Extension A: Perceiving the World

Extension B: Perceiving the World

Extension A: States of Consciousness

Extension B: States of Consciousness

Extension C: States of Consciousness

Extension D: States of Consciousness

Extension A: Conditioning and Learning

Extension C: Conditioning and Learning

Extension A: Memory

Extension B: Memory

Extension C: Memory

Extension A: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension B: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension C: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension D: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension A: Motivation and Emotion

Extension B: Motivation and Emotion

Extension C: Motivation and Emotion

Extension D: Motivation and Emotion

Extension A: Gender and Sexuality

Extension B: Gender and Sexuality

Extension C: Gender and Sexuality

Extension A: Personality

Extension B: Personality

Extension C: Personality

Extension D: Personality

Extension A: Health, Stress, and Coping

Extension B: Health, Stress, and Coping

Extension C: Health, Stress, and Coping

Extension A: Psychological Disorders

Extension B: Psychological Disorders

Extension C: Psychological Disorders

Extension D: Psychological Disorders

Extension A: Therapies

Extension B: Therapies

Extension C: Therapies

Extension D: Therapies

Extension A: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Extension B: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Extension C: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Extension A: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Extension B: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Extension C: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Extension A: Applied Psychology

Extension B: Applied Psychology

Extension C: Applied Psychology

Appendix A: Behavioral Statistics

Negative reinforcement _ responding; punishment _ responding.

In laboratory experiments, a cumulative recorder, which is a device with a moving strip of paper and a mechanical pen, is connected to a Skinner box.Rapid responding causes the pen to draw _, while _ indicate(s) no response.