Question 1

When apes communicate using forms of human language, their communication typically lacks:

Accepted Answer

A) grammatically correct complex sentences. 
B) modifiers, such as adjectives and adverbs. 
C) an emotional context. 
D) verbs. 
A) grammatically correct complex sentences. 
B) modifiers, such as adjectives and adverbs. 
C) an emotional context. 
D) verbs.

Question 2

Functional fixedness occurs when we:

Accepted Answer

A) tend to perceive the functions of objects as fixed or unchanging. 
B) persist in applying a large set of solutions to a wide range of problems. 
C) discover a "prime solution" that applies to several analogous problems. 
D) fix a problem by finding the correct solution. 
A) tend to perceive the functions of objects as fixed or unchanging. 
B) persist in applying a large set of solutions to a wide range of problems. 
C) discover a "prime solution" that applies to several analogous problems. 
D) fix a problem by finding the correct solution.

Question 3

The smallest meaningful units of language are:

Accepted Answer

A) phonemes. 
B) morphemes. 
C) phrases. 
D) sentences. 
A) phonemes. 
B) morphemes. 
C) phrases. 
D) sentences.

Question 4

Children make _____ errors when learning to speak, and the errors they make still _____ grammatical rules.

Accepted Answer

A) many; do not respect 
B) few; respect 
C) many; respect 
D) few; do not respect 
A) many; do not respect 
B) few; respect 
C) many; respect 
D) few; do not respect

Question 5

The frequency format hypothesis suggests that people are better able to work with information presented as frequencies than presented as probabilities. Why might this be the case?

Accepted Answer

A) Human brains evolved to process frequencies explicitly and probabilities implicitly. 
B) Human brains evolved to notice how often things occur, not how likely they are to occur. 
C) Human brains evolved to process frequencies in the left hemisphere and probabilities in the right hemisphere. 
D) Probability calculation is a more difficult cognitive task because it necessarily involves the manipulation of symbols. 
A) Human brains evolved to process frequencies explicitly and probabilities implicitly. 
B) Human brains evolved to notice how often things occur, not how likely they are to occur. 
C) Human brains evolved to process frequencies in the left hemisphere and probabilities in the right hemisphere. 
D) Probability calculation is a more difficult cognitive task because it necessarily involves the manipulation of symbols.

Question 6

The language of the Inuit in Canada has many different terms for frozen white flakes of precipitation, for which we use the term snow. _____ argued that, because of this, the Inuit _____.

Accepted Answer

A) Benjamin Whorf; perceive snow differently from English speakers 
B) Noam Chomsky; have a fundamentally different language acquisition device than English speakers 
C) Eleanor Rosch; think about snow in a fundamentally different way than English speakers 
D) Allen Gardner; form emotional associations with snow more easily than English speakers 
A) Benjamin Whorf; perceive snow differently from English speakers 
B) Noam Chomsky; have a fundamentally different language acquisition device than English speakers 
C) Eleanor Rosch; think about snow in a fundamentally different way than English speakers 
D) Allen Gardner; form emotional associations with snow more easily than English speakers

Question 7

Damage to the prefrontal cortex results in people _____ on a gambling task.

Accepted Answer

A) minimizing losses 
B) not experiencing emotions associated with winning 
C) not experiencing the emotional experience associated with losing 
D) making more risky decisions 
A) minimizing losses 
B) not experiencing emotions associated with winning 
C) not experiencing the emotional experience associated with losing 
D) making more risky decisions

Question 8

Sarah is experiencing extreme financial difficulties, and her home is about to be foreclosed. Sarah would like to keep her home. Using a means-ends analysis, which of these is a direct-means solution?

Accepted Answer

A) begin looking for a higher-paying job 
B) pay the mortgage company the amount of money it requests, so that she is up-to-date on her mortgage payments 
C) apply for hardship assistance to delay the foreclosure process 
D) max out her credit cards in order to make the minimum payment necessary to delay foreclosure until the next month 
A) begin looking for a higher-paying job 
B) pay the mortgage company the amount of money it requests, so that she is up-to-date on her mortgage payments 
C) apply for hardship assistance to delay the foreclosure process 
D) max out her credit cards in order to make the minimum payment necessary to delay foreclosure until the next month

Question 9

An inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while still maintaining the ability to recognize objects outside the category is called:

Accepted Answer

A) genetic dysphasia. 
B) Broca's aphasia. 
C) category-specific deficit. 
D) Wernicke's aphasia. 
A) genetic dysphasia. 
B) Broca's aphasia. 
C) category-specific deficit. 
D) Wernicke's aphasia.

Question 10

When Broca's area is damaged, patients:

Accepted Answer

A) have a hard time understanding language. 
B) usually continue to produce grammatical speech. 
C) produce sentences that tend to be meaningless. 
D) have a hard time with speech production. 
A) have a hard time understanding language. 
B) usually continue to produce grammatical speech. 
C) produce sentences that tend to be meaningless. 
D) have a hard time with speech production.

Question 11

Research on language reveals that:

Accepted Answer

A) relatively few species have developed anything that could even be considered a simple "language." 
B) language really only develops when a species has the ability to communicate vocally. 
C) most social species have systems of communication that allow them to transmit messages to one another. 
D) there are no commonalities between human language and signaling systems of other animals. 
A) relatively few species have developed anything that could even be considered a simple "language." 
B) language really only develops when a species has the ability to communicate vocally. 
C) most social species have systems of communication that allow them to transmit messages to one another. 
D) there are no commonalities between human language and signaling systems of other animals.

Question 12

People with genetic dysphasia:

Accepted Answer

A) are able to produce written language but unable to generate spoken language. 
B) find certain aspects of human language difficult or impossible to learn, despite having normal intellectual abilities. 
C) acquire a language acquisition device only later in life. 
D) are able to generate spoken language but unable to produce written language. 
A) are able to produce written language but unable to generate spoken language. 
B) find certain aspects of human language difficult or impossible to learn, despite having normal intellectual abilities. 
C) acquire a language acquisition device only later in life. 
D) are able to generate spoken language but unable to produce written language.

Question 13

The linguistic relativity hypothesis holds that:

Accepted Answer

A) different languages use different grammatical constructions. 
B) language shapes the nature of thought. 
C) different brain regions are activated when a bilingual person uses her native language as opposed to her second language. 
D) all languages change over time. 
A) different languages use different grammatical constructions. 
B) language shapes the nature of thought. 
C) different brain regions are activated when a bilingual person uses her native language as opposed to her second language. 
D) all languages change over time.

Question 14

A syllogism is a form of reasoning in which:

Accepted Answer

A) persuasive arguments sway a listener into believing a set of claims. 
B) speculation takes precedence over facts. 
C) a conclusion follows from two statements that are true. 
D) a conclusion is implied but not directly stated. 
A) persuasive arguments sway a listener into believing a set of claims. 
B) speculation takes precedence over facts. 
C) a conclusion follows from two statements that are true. 
D) a conclusion is implied but not directly stated.

Question 15

Damage to Wernicke's area results in:

Accepted Answer

A) failure to produce grammatical speech. 
B) great difficulty in understanding language. 
C) genetic dysphasia. 
D) great difficulty in identifying non-language sounds. 
A) failure to produce grammatical speech. 
B) great difficulty in understanding language. 
C) genetic dysphasia. 
D) great difficulty in identifying non-language sounds.

Question 16

A necessary condition for being a professor of psychology at Harvard University is that:

Accepted Answer

A) one has written a textbook on introductory psychology. 
B) one's name begins with Dan. 
C) one has taught four courses at Harvard last semester. 
D) one has a doctorate degree. 
A) one has written a textbook on introductory psychology. 
B) one's name begins with Dan. 
C) one has taught four courses at Harvard last semester. 
D) one has a doctorate degree.

Question 17

When we solve a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution (and then apply it), we are engaged in:

Accepted Answer

A) deductive reasoning. 
B) insightful solutions. 
C) analogical problem solving. 
D) heuristic reasoning. 
A) deductive reasoning. 
B) insightful solutions. 
C) analogical problem solving. 
D) heuristic reasoning.

Question 18

Leanna, a bride to be, is glancing over an updated list of the people who will be attending her wedding reception. There actually will be an equal number of people from her family and from her fiancé Robert's family. Without counting, Leanna perceives that more people from _____ family will be in attendance, due to the _____.

Accepted Answer

A) her; availability bias 
B) her; the conjunctive fallacy 
C) Robert's; availability bias 
D) Robert's; the conjunctive fallacy 
A) her; availability bias 
B) her; the conjunctive fallacy 
C) Robert's; availability bias 
D) Robert's; the conjunctive fallacy

Question 19

By best estimates, written human language emerged _____ years ago.

Accepted Answer

A) 3,000 
B) 6,000 
C) 1 to 3 million 
D) 3 to 6 million 
A) 3,000 
B) 6,000 
C) 1 to 3 million 
D) 3 to 6 million

Question 20

The rational choice theory of decision making predicts that our judgments will vary depending on:

Accepted Answer

A) the value we assign to possible outcomes of our decisions. 
B) frequency but not probability. 
C) our past personal history of successfully attaining goals based on our decisions. 
D) the likelihood that someone else will pursue the same decision goals as us. 
A) the value we assign to possible outcomes of our decisions. 
B) frequency but not probability. 
C) our past personal history of successfully attaining goals based on our decisions. 
D) the likelihood that someone else will pursue the same decision goals as us.

Exam 9: Section 2: Language and Thought

When apes communicate using forms of human language, their communication typically lacks:

Functional fixedness occurs when we:

The smallest meaningful units of language are:

Children make _____ errors when learning to speak, and the errors they make still _____ grammatical rules.

The frequency format hypothesis suggests that people are better able to work with information presented as frequencies than presented as probabilities. Why might this be the case?

The language of the Inuit in Canada has many different terms for frozen white flakes of precipitation, for which we use the term snow. _____ argued that, because of this, the Inuit _____.

Damage to the prefrontal cortex results in people _____ on a gambling task.

Sarah is experiencing extreme financial difficulties, and her home is about to be foreclosed. Sarah would like to keep her home. Using a means-ends analysis, which of these is a direct-means solution?

An inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while still maintaining the ability to recognize objects outside the category is called:

When Broca's area is damaged, patients:

Research on language reveals that:

People with genetic dysphasia:

The linguistic relativity hypothesis holds that:

A syllogism is a form of reasoning in which:

Damage to Wernicke's area results in:

A necessary condition for being a professor of psychology at Harvard University is that:

When we solve a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution (and then apply it), we are engaged in:

By best estimates, written human language emerged _____ years ago.

The rational choice theory of decision making predicts that our judgments will vary depending on:

Section 1: Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Section 2: Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Section 3: Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Section 4 : Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Section 5: Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Section 6 : Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Section 1: Methods in Psychology

Section 2: Methods in Psychology

Section 3: Methods in Psychology

Section 4: Methods in Psychology

Section 5: Methods in Psychology

Section 6: Methods in Psychology

Section 1: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 2: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 3: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 4: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 5: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 6: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 1 : Sensation and Perception

Section 2: Sensation and Perception

Section 3: Sensation and Perception

Section 4: Sensation and Perception

Section 5: Sensation and Perception

Section 6: Sensation and Perception

Section 1: Consciousness

Section 2: Consciousness

Section 3: Consciousness

Section 4: Consciousness

Section 5: Consciousness

Section 6: Consciousness

Section 1: Memory

Section 2: Memory

Section 3: Memory

Section 4: Memory

Section 5: Memory

Section 6: Memory

Section 1: Learning

Section 2: Learning

Section 3: Learning

Section 4: Learning

Section 5 : Learning

Section 6: Learning

Section 1: Emotion and Motivation

Section 2: Emotion and Motivation

Section 3: Emotion and Motivation

Section 4: Emotion and Motivation

Section 5: Emotion and Motivation

Section 6: Emotion and Motivation

Section 1: Language and Thought

Section 3: Language and Thought

Section 4: Language and Thought

Section 5: Language and Thought

Section 6: Language and Thought

Section 1: Intelligence

Section 2: Intelligence

Section 3: Intelligence

Section 4 : Intelligence

Section 5: Intelligence

Section 6 : Intelligence

Section 1: Development

Children make _ errors when learning to speak, and the errors they make still _ grammatical rules.

The language of the Inuit in Canada has many different terms for frozen white flakes of precipitation, for which we use the term snow. _ argued that, because of this, the Inuit _.