Chat with AIExam 5: C: Perceptual and Motor Development
Your friend Carter is concerned that his daughter is not crawling at eight months even though the books say she should be. He asks you about it, indicating they've done everything "by the books" including always putting his daughter "back-to-sleep." He wonders if her late crawling will have long-term developmental consequences. What would you tell him?
(37) 
VerifiedEuropean and North American infants are crawling at older ages today than they once did. This could be a consequence of the "back-to-sleep" campaign that advocates putting children to sleep on their backs to reduce the incidence of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Because today's infants spend less time on their tummies, they have fewer opportunities to develop arm strength and to learn to propel themselves forwards or backwards (creeping). However, Carter should not be alarmed. This will not have any long-term consequences for his daughter and the benefits of reducing the risks of SIDS far outweigh any consequences for late crawling.
Your friends Elmo and Dawn have a three-year-old daughter, Courtney. Dawn stays at home with Courtney during the day while Elmo is at work. Often in the evening, Courtney will say "Mom, Mom, Mom" repeatedly before Dawn responds to her. Elmo cannot understand why Dawn keeps ignoring Courtney. When Courtney says "Dad" he always responds right away. How would you explain what's happening using what you know about the selective nature of attention, orienting responses, and habituation?
(41) VerifiedA good answer will be similar to the following:
When people are first presented with a stimulus (such as someone calling "Mom") they show an orienting response. They may startle, look toward the stimulus (in this case, Courtney), and respond. When a stimulus is repeated over and over people will eventually habituate. In other words, they will pay less attention to the stimulus with repeated exposure. Habituation indicates that attention is selective-with repeated exposure people begin to ignore stimuli that once attracted their attention. In the case of Dawn and Courtney, Dawn hears Courtney say "Mom" hundreds of times during the day before Elmo gets home from work. Dawn has habituated to the stimulus of Courtney saying "Mom" so by evening she often does not pay much attention to this stimulus. Elmo, however, has not been around Courtney as much and has not habituated to her saying "Dad." Dawn isn't being a bad mother, but is showing the selective nature of attention.
Suzanne wants her children to be more active. What advice can you give her?
(42) VerifiedSuzanne should consider signing her children up for organized sports. Children involved in organized sports are more active than those who are not. Also, children are highly influenced by the activity level of their parents. So if Suzanne wants her children to be more active she should try to be more active herself.
Your friend Alex and Katya are concerned that their nine-month-old daughter Mariana often uses her left hand to pick up objects. Alex and Katya are both right-handed, and they do not want Mariana to be left-handed because it is a right-handed world. What can you tell your friends about the roles of heredity and environment in the development of hand preference?
(34) Your friends Jack and Jill are the parents of a new baby boy. Jill has relatives who have some hearing impairment so they are worried about their son's hearing. What can you tell Jack and Jill about the signs of hearing impairment that they should watch for in their son?
(39) Discuss what is known about infant depth perception and the visual cliff, drawing on the research by Gibson and Walk.
(39) Discuss what is known about infant visual acuity and colour perception.
(32) List and briefly describe the four types of pictorial cues that are used in depth perception.
(33) Compare how a one-month-old infant and a three-month-old infant would look at a face. Are infants innately attracted to faces? Explain your answer.
(31) Your neighbour has just accepted a coaching position for a children's soccer team. This is his first time as a coach, and he is not sure whether to be really tough on the children to make them better, like some of his former coaches, or whether to be a "nice guy" like some of his other coaches, who didn't seem to care about winning at all costs. What guidelines could you give him about what he can do to encourage the children to enjoy being on the team and to want to continue to play soccer?
(39) Research shows that fewer than half of children meet fitness standards on fitness tests. Additional evidence indicates that physical education in schools is not meeting children's needs. What are some suggestions that you might make for improving physical education in schools?
(39) Discuss the symptoms, causes, and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
(39) Based on what you know about the infant's visual system, how would you decorate a child's nursery so that it is consistent with the young infant's visual ability? Include information on acuity and pattern perception.
(44) Describe what is known about how well infants can smell, taste, and feel.
(37) Your friend Shane has noticed that his three-week-old daughter Fran seems to drink more from her bottle when it contains sugar water than when it contains formula. Shane thinks that he saw Fran lick her lips when she was given a bottle of sugar water. Shane thinks that he is crazy because he doesn't think that the senses are functioning in babies who are so young. What can you tell Shane about the sense of taste that might make him feel better?
(27) Fred and Wilma's five-year-old son, Frank, has just been diagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Fred and Wilma believe that now that Frank is taking the drug Ritalin everything will be fine. What can you tell Fred and Wilma about other treatments for ADHD?
(41) 
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