Chat with AIExam 3: C: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn
What are five general principles governing the influence of teratogens on prenatal development?
(34) 
VerifiedA good answer will include the following key points:
∙The impact of a teratogen depends upon the genotype of the organism.
∙The impact of teratogens changes over the course of prenatal development.
∙Each teratogen affects a specific aspect (or aspects) of prenatal development.
∙The impact of teratogens depends on the dose.
∙Damage from teratogens is not always evident at birth but may appear later.
Your friend Chloe is pregnant and she told you that she knows the three stages of prenatal development-the first trimester, the second trimester, and the third trimester-but she wasn't exactly sure about what happens during each of the stages. What can you tell Chloe about the three stages of prenatal development and the major events that occur during each of the stages?
(41) VerifiedA good answer will be similar to the following:
Tell Chloe that even though people often refer to the three trimesters of pregnancy they do not correspond to the three stages of prenatal development. The first stage of prenatal development is called the period of the zygote and it lasts from conception until two weeks after conception. Rapid division of the cells and differentiation of the cells characterize this period. The period of the zygote ends when the zygote is completely implanted in the lining of the wall of the uterus. The second period is called the period of the embryo and it lasts from the third week to the eighth week after conception. During this period of prenatal development, most of the organs and systems of the body are formed. The third period is the period of the fetus. This period lasts from nine weeks until 38 weeks after conception. During this final period, the fetus grows from four to eight ounces to its birth weight of seven to eight pounds. Many of the bodily systems that were formed during the period of the embryo are refined during the period of the fetus to prepare the fetus for life outside the uterus. An insulating layer of fat also develops during this period.
Name and describe four infant behavioural states.
(31) VerifiedA good answer will include the following key points:
∙ Alert inactivity: The baby is calm with eyes open and attentive; the baby looks as if he is deliberately inspecting his environment.
∙ Waking activity: The baby's eyes are open but they seem unfocused; the baby moves her arms or legs in bursts of uncoordinated motion.
∙ Crying: The baby cries vigorously, usually accompanied by agitated but uncoordinated motion.
∙ Sleeping: The baby's eyes are closed and the baby drifts between periods when breathing is regular and the baby is still, to periods when breathing is irregular and the baby gently moves its arms or legs.
Name the three layers present in three-week-old embryos and describe what each layer will later form.
(35) Name the three periods of prenatal development, the weeks they occur, and characteristics of development during each period.
(30) Describe ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling and the kind of information that can be obtained from each.
(35) Chloe wonders how long her labour will last. She has heard stories about women whose labours are so short that they had their babies in the back of a car or an elevator. What can you tell Chloe about the typical length of labour for a first-born child?
(42) Chloe is concerned that her baby will not be healthy when it is born. She is wondering if there is anything she can do that will help ensure that her baby will be okay. What advice can you give Chloe about the steps that she can take toward a healthy baby?
(30) What are some common environmental teratogens and their potential consequences?
(41) Chloe is concerned about the amount of weight that she will gain during pregnancy. She doesn't want to get "too fat." She has heard of women who gain only 10 pounds (4.5 kilograms) while pregnant and they wear their pre-maternity clothes home from the hospital. What can you tell Chloe about weight gain during pregnancy?
(43) What are some common teratogenic diseases and their potential consequences?
(34) If you were an environmentalist trying to ensure that heavy industrial chemical plants disposed of their waste properly (or better, found cleaner ways of operating), how could you use teratogens to argue your case?
(34) What are some birth complications? Briefly describe the key features of each.
(38) What are some common teratogenic drugs and their potential consequences?
(33) Chloe is in her sixth month of pregnancy and she isn't sure if she should take the prepared childbirth classes that are being offered at the local hospital. The class meets for three hours every Monday night for six weeks and that looks like a big time commitment to Chloe. What can you tell Chloe about the benefits of prepared childbirth classes?
(34) Discuss the pros and cons associated with older women (sometimes using reproductive technologies) becoming pregnant.
(33) 
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