Exam 13: A: Gender and Development

Mental rotation is the ability to imagine how an object will look after it has been moved in space.

Girls tend to be healthier than boys.

According to social cognitive theorists, children learn gender roles through reinforcement and observational learning.

Gender stereotypes are more extreme in America than in many other countries.

By three years of age, most children show a preference for sex-typed toys.

Instrumental traits are associated with women.

Children select same-sex playmates because they are pressured to do so by adults.

In general, teachers spend more time interacting with boys.

Contrary to popular opinion, boys are no more physically aggressive than girls.

The choice of same-sex playmates may occur, in part, because boys' competitive and rough play is aversive to girls.

Aggressive behaviour has been linked to androgens, hormones secreted by the testes.

Girls are more flexible about gender stereotypes than boys.

Children who watch a lot of television have more stereotyped views of males and females.

Androgynous persons are high on both instrumental and expressive traits.

Boys do not out-perform girls on standardized tests of math achievement in the elementary-school years or in high school and college.

Adolescents and young adults from middle-class homes have more flexible ideas about gender than individuals from lower-class homes.

Girls' interactions with each other are typically constricting.

Helping an adult is encouraged more in daughters than in sons.

Gender differences in brain maturation may lead to gender differences in verbal ability.

Androgynous children have lower self-esteem than children whose gender roles are highly stereotyped.