Chat with AIExam 12: C: Moral Understanding and Behaviour
Your friends are the parents of an aggressive six-year-old son. When their son behaves aggressively, they spank him to punish him for his behaviour. They have not seen any improvement in his behaviour and they have asked you for advice. What can you tell them about parental behaviour that is related to aggression in children?
(37) 
VerifiedA good answer will be similar to the following:
Your friends should examine their behaviour because parents and siblings play a large role in cultivating aggressive behaviour in children. First, your friends should stop spanking their son because physical punishment only suppresses aggression in the short-term and it provides the child with a model that aggression does work to control others. Other parental behaviours such as low-key anger, unfair accusations, and frequent expressions of irritation at a child's behaviour are related to greater aggression in children. Second, your friends need to determine if they are punishing their son even when he is behaving appropriately. Once parents label a child as aggressive, they are more likely to accuse that child of aggression and punish the child even when he is acting appropriately. Third, your friends should discourage aggression (by punishing it or ignoring it) while encouraging and rewarding other nonaggressive behaviours.
Your friend Enrique told you that he would like his young son Joe to grow up to be a nice, helpful person. What can you tell Enrique about parental behaviours that are related to socializing prosocial behaviour?
(29) VerifiedA good answer will be similar to the following:
Research has found three parental behaviours that are related to socializing prosocial behaviour in children. First, parents who use reasoning in their disciplinary style tend to have children who are more altruistic. These parents emphasize the consequences for others when their children misbehave. They also emphasize the rights and needs of others. Repeated exposure to reasoning during discipline seems to promote children's ability to take the perspective of other people. Second, parents whose children are more altruistic model altruistic behaviour for their children. Third, children who are routinely given opportunities to behave prosocially, such as setting the table for dinner, are more likely to be helpful spontaneously. So, by using reasoning in discipline, modelling altruistic behaviour, and requiring Joe to help with household chores Enrique will increase the likelihood that Joe will engage in altruistic behavior.
Briefly describe the following types of aggression: instrumental, hostile, reactive, and relational.
(27) VerifiedA good answer will include the following key points:
· Instrumental aggression-the child uses aggression to achieve an explicit goal
· Hostile aggression-unprovoked aggression with the sole goal to humiliate, intimidate, or harass
· Reactive aggression-one child's behaviour leads to another child's aggression
· Relational aggression-children try to hurt others by undermining their social relationships
Explain and give an example of a "white lie" that might be told by a Chinese child compared to a North American child.
(29) Explain what Piaget meant by moral realism, immanent justice, and moral relativism.
(41) Your friend is an elementary school teacher who has noticed that there are a few children in his class who are very aggressive and, consequently, have been rejected by the other children in the class. Your friend would like to train these aggressive children to behave more appropriately and has come to you for advice. What elements should be included in the training program?
(39) Lyndon is an eight-year-old boy who wants to have everything now! He seems unable to wait for anything. For example, although his parents have encouraged him to save a small portion of his weekly allowance, Lyndon invariably spends all of it, usually on the day that he receives it. How might his parents encourage Lyndon to exercise self-control and delay gratification?
(36) It has been proposed that self-control develops in three phases between one and three years of age. What are the three phases?
(36) Name and briefly explain Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning making sure to identify and describe each of the stages under each level.
(30) Briefly explain the relationship between failure in school and aggression.
(33) 
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