Question 1

Which factor is most important for explaining why there are equal numbers of snapping shrimp species on either side of the isthmus?

Accepted Answer

A)  the relative shortness of time they have been separated 
B)  the depth of the ocean 
C)  the number of actual depth habitats between the surface and the sea floor 
D)  the elevation of the isthmus above sea level 
E)  the depth of the canal 
A)  the relative shortness of time they have been separated 
B)  the depth of the ocean 
C)  the number of actual depth habitats between the surface and the sea floor 
D)  the elevation of the isthmus above sea level 
E)  the depth of the canal

Question 2

According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the "sudden" appearance of a new species in the fossil record means that

Accepted Answer

A)  the species is now extinct. 
B)  speciation occurred instantaneously. 
C)  speciation occurred in one generation. 
D)  speciation occurred rapidly in geologic time. 
E)  the species will consequently have a relatively short existence, compared with other species. 
A)  the species is now extinct. 
B)  speciation occurred instantaneously. 
C)  speciation occurred in one generation. 
D)  speciation occurred rapidly in geologic time. 
E)  the species will consequently have a relatively short existence, compared with other species.

Question 3

Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools?

Accepted Answer

A)  phylogenetic 
B)  ecological 
C)  biological 
D)  morphological 
A)  phylogenetic 
B)  ecological 
C)  biological 
D)  morphological

Question 4

If the low number of hybrid flies in the hybrid zone, relative to the number of D. santomea flies there, is due to the fact that hybrids are poorly adapted to conditions in the hybrid zone, and if fewer hybrid flies are produced with the passage of time, these conditions will most likely lead to

Accepted Answer

A)  fusion. 
B)  reinforcement. 
C)  stability. 
D)  further speciation events. 
A)  fusion. 
B)  reinforcement. 
C)  stability. 
D)  further speciation events.

Question 5

The phenomenon of fusion is likely to occur when, after a period of geographic isolation, two populations meet again and

Accepted Answer

A)  their chromosomes are no longer homologous enough to permit meiosis. 
B)  a constant number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations. 
C)  the hybrid zone is inhospitable to hybrid survival. 
D)  an increasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations. 
E)  a decreasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations. 
A)  their chromosomes are no longer homologous enough to permit meiosis. 
B)  a constant number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations. 
C)  the hybrid zone is inhospitable to hybrid survival. 
D)  an increasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations. 
E)  a decreasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations.

Question 6

Among known plant species, which of these have been the two most commonly occurring phenomena that have led to the origin of new species? 1. allopatric speciation
2) sympatric speciation
3) sexual selection
4) polyploidy

Accepted Answer

A)  1 and 3 
B)  1 and 4 
C)  2 and 3 
D)  2 and 4 
A)  1 and 3 
B)  1 and 4 
C)  2 and 3 
D)  2 and 4

Question 7

What is true of the flightless cormorants of the Galápagos Islands?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are descendants of the same common ancestor that gave rise to the unique finches of these islands. 
B)  They are close relatives of flightless cormorants from the Americas. 
C)  If they are still able to breed successfully with flying cormorants, it would probably be with North American cormorants, rather than with South American cormorants. 
D)  Flightless cormorants on one island have restricted gene flow with those on other islands, which could someday lead to a macroevolutionary event. 
E)  Their DNA has low levels of sequence homology with the DNA of flying American cormorants. 
A)  They are descendants of the same common ancestor that gave rise to the unique finches of these islands. 
B)  They are close relatives of flightless cormorants from the Americas. 
C)  If they are still able to breed successfully with flying cormorants, it would probably be with North American cormorants, rather than with South American cormorants. 
D)  Flightless cormorants on one island have restricted gene flow with those on other islands, which could someday lead to a macroevolutionary event. 
E)  Their DNA has low levels of sequence homology with the DNA of flying American cormorants.

Question 8

Which of these evolutionary trees represents the situation described in the previous paragraph? (Note: Yakuba (I) represents the island population, and yakuba (M) represents the mainland population.)

Accepted Answer

A) 
  
B) 
  
C) 
  
D) 
  
A) 
  
B) 
  
C) 
  
D)

Question 9

The difference between geographic isolation and habitat differentiation is the

Accepted Answer

A)  relative locations of two populations as speciation occurs. 
B)  speed (tempo) at which two populations undergo speciation. 
C)  amount of genetic variation that occurs among two gene pools as speciation occurs. 
D)  identity of the phylogenetic kingdom or domain in which these phenomena occur. 
E)  the ploidy of the two populations as speciation occurs. 
A)  relative locations of two populations as speciation occurs. 
B)  speed (tempo) at which two populations undergo speciation. 
C)  amount of genetic variation that occurs among two gene pools as speciation occurs. 
D)  identity of the phylogenetic kingdom or domain in which these phenomena occur. 
E)  the ploidy of the two populations as speciation occurs.

Question 10

In a hypothetical situation, a certain species of flea feeds only on pronghorn antelopes. In rangelands of the western United States, pronghorns and cattle often associate with one another. If some of these fleas develop a strong preference for cattle blood and mate only with other fleas that prefer cattle blood, then over time which of these should occur, if the host mammal can be considered as the fleas' habitat? 1. reproductive isolation
2) sympatric speciation
3) habitat isolation
4) prezygotic barriers

Accepted Answer

A)  1 only 
B)  2 and 3 
C)  1, 2, and 3 
D)  2, 3, and 4 
E)  1 through 4 
A)  1 only 
B)  2 and 3 
C)  1, 2, and 3 
D)  2, 3, and 4 
E)  1 through 4

Question 11

If a speciation event occurred on Sao Tomé, producing D. santomea from a parent colony of D. yakuba, then which of the following terms applies (apply)? I. macroevolution
II allopatric speciation
III) sympatric speciation

Accepted Answer

A)  I only 
B)  II only 
C)  I and II 
D)  I and III 
A)  I only 
B)  II only 
C)  I and II 
D)  I and III

Question 12

Speciation

Accepted Answer

A)  occurs at such a slow pace that no one has ever observed the emergence of new species. 
B)  occurs only by the accumulation of genetic change over vast expanses of time. 
C)  must begin with the geographic isolation of a small, frontier population. 
D)  and macroevolution are synonymous. 
E)  can involve changes to a single gene. 
A)  occurs at such a slow pace that no one has ever observed the emergence of new species. 
B)  occurs only by the accumulation of genetic change over vast expanses of time. 
C)  must begin with the geographic isolation of a small, frontier population. 
D)  and macroevolution are synonymous. 
E)  can involve changes to a single gene.

Question 13

You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying information as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use?

Accepted Answer

A)  biological 
B)  phylogenetic 
C)  ecological 
D)  morphological 
A)  biological 
B)  phylogenetic 
C)  ecological 
D)  morphological

Question 14

Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent?

Accepted Answer

A)  habitat isolation 
B)  temporal isolation 
C)  behavioral isolation 
D)  gametic isolation 
E)  postzygotic barriers 
A)  habitat isolation 
B)  temporal isolation 
C)  behavioral isolation 
D)  gametic isolation 
E)  postzygotic barriers

Question 15

Which conclusion can be drawn from this evolutionary tree?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gradualistic speciation and speciation involving punctuated equilibrium are mutually exclusive concepts; only one of them can occur. 
B)  Eldredge and Gould would deny that the lineages labeled X, Y, and Z could represent true species. 
C)  Assuming that the tip of each line represents a species, there are five extant (i.e., not extinct) species resulting from the earliest common ancestor. 
D)  A single clade (i.e., a group of species that share a common ancestor) can exhibit both gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. 
E)  V and W shared a common ancestor more recently than any of the other species. 
A)  Gradualistic speciation and speciation involving punctuated equilibrium are mutually exclusive concepts; only one of them can occur. 
B)  Eldredge and Gould would deny that the lineages labeled X, Y, and Z could represent true species. 
C)  Assuming that the tip of each line represents a species, there are five extant (i.e., not extinct) species resulting from the earliest common ancestor. 
D)  A single clade (i.e., a group of species that share a common ancestor) can exhibit both gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. 
E)  V and W shared a common ancestor more recently than any of the other species.

Question 16

Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate?

Accepted Answer

A)  the postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability 
B)  the postzygotic barrier called hybrid breakdown 
C)  the prezygotic barrier called hybrid sterility 
D)  gametic isolation 
A)  the postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability 
B)  the postzygotic barrier called hybrid breakdown 
C)  the prezygotic barrier called hybrid sterility 
D)  gametic isolation

Question 17

Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct? I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation.
II) Biological species are the models used for grouping extinct forms of life.
III) The biological species is the largest unit of population in which successful interbreeding is possible.

Accepted Answer

A)  I and II 
B)  I and III 
C)  II and III 
D)  I, II, and III 
A)  I and II 
B)  I and III 
C)  II and III 
D)  I, II, and III

Question 18

A hybrid zone is properly defined as

Accepted Answer

A)  an area where two closely related species' ranges overlap. 
B)  an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring. 
C)  a zone that features a gradual change in species composition where two neighboring ecosystems border each other. 
D)  a zone that includes the intermediate portion of a cline. 
E)  an area where members of two closely related species intermingle, but experience no gene flow. 
A)  an area where two closely related species' ranges overlap. 
B)  an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring. 
C)  a zone that features a gradual change in species composition where two neighboring ecosystems border each other. 
D)  a zone that includes the intermediate portion of a cline. 
E)  an area where members of two closely related species intermingle, but experience no gene flow.

Question 19

The next few questions refer to the evolutionary tree in Figure 22.4, whose horizontal axis represents time (present time is on the far right) and whose vertical axis represents morphological change.
   Figure 22.4
-Which species is least expected to have a good record of transitional fossils; in other words, which species' fossils, if present at all, are expected only in relatively superficial (i.e., shallow) strata?

Accepted Answer

A)  V 
B)  W 
C)  X 
D)  Y 
E)  Z 
A)  V 
B)  W 
C)  X 
D)  Y 
E)  Z

Question 20

Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be

Accepted Answer

A)  12. 
B)  14. 
C)  16. 
D)  28. 
E)  56. 
A)  12. 
B)  14. 
C)  16. 
D)  28. 
E)  56.

Exam 22: The Origin of Species

Which factor is most important for explaining why there are equal numbers of snapping shrimp species on either side of the isthmus?

According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the "sudden" appearance of a new species in the fossil record means that

Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools?

If the low number of hybrid flies in the hybrid zone, relative to the number of D. santomea flies there, is due to the fact that hybrids are poorly adapted to conditions in the hybrid zone, and if fewer hybrid flies are produced with the passage of time, these conditions will most likely lead to

The phenomenon of fusion is likely to occur when, after a period of geographic isolation, two populations meet again and

Among known plant species, which of these have been the two most commonly occurring phenomena that have led to the origin of new species? 1. allopatric speciation 2) sympatric speciation 3) sexual selection 4) polyploidy

What is true of the flightless cormorants of the Galápagos Islands?

Which of these evolutionary trees represents the situation described in the previous paragraph? (Note: Yakuba (I) represents the island population, and yakuba (M) represents the mainland population.)

The difference between geographic isolation and habitat differentiation is the

If a speciation event occurred on Sao Tomé, producing D. santomea from a parent colony of D. yakuba, then which of the following terms applies (apply)? I. macroevolution II allopatric speciation III) sympatric speciation

Speciation

You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying information as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use?

Which conclusion can be drawn from this evolutionary tree?

Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate?

A hybrid zone is properly defined as

Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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