Question 1

What is the function of GTP in translation?

Accepted Answer

A)  GTP energizes the formation of the initiation complex, using initiation factors. 
B)  GTP hydrolyzes to provide phosphate groups for tRNA binding. 
C)  GTP hydrolyzes to provide energy for making peptide bonds. 
D)  GTP supplies phosphates and energy to make ATP from ADP. 
E)  GTP separates the small and large subunits of the ribosome at the stop codon. 
A)  GTP energizes the formation of the initiation complex, using initiation factors. 
B)  GTP hydrolyzes to provide phosphate groups for tRNA binding. 
C)  GTP hydrolyzes to provide energy for making peptide bonds. 
D)  GTP supplies phosphates and energy to make ATP from ADP. 
E)  GTP separates the small and large subunits of the ribosome at the stop codon.

Question 2

In eukaryotes there are several different types of RNA polymerase. Which type is involved in transcription of mRNA for a globin protein?

Accepted Answer

A)  ligase 
B)  RNA polymerase I 
C)  RNA polymerase II 
D)  RNA polymerase III 
E)  primase 
A)  ligase 
B)  RNA polymerase I 
C)  RNA polymerase II 
D)  RNA polymerase III 
E)  primase

Question 3

The genetic code is essentially the same for all organisms. From this, one can logically assume which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  A gene from an organism can theoretically be expressed by any other organism. 
B)  All organisms have experienced convergent evolution. 
C)  DNA was the first genetic material. 
D)  The same codons in different organisms translate into the different amino acids. 
E)  Different organisms have different numbers of different types of amino acids. 
A)  A gene from an organism can theoretically be expressed by any other organism. 
B)  All organisms have experienced convergent evolution. 
C)  DNA was the first genetic material. 
D)  The same codons in different organisms translate into the different amino acids. 
E)  Different organisms have different numbers of different types of amino acids.

Question 4

Use the representation in Figure 14.3 to answer the following questions.
   Figure 14.3
-In the transcription event of the previous DNA, where would the promoter be located?

Accepted Answer

A)  at the 3' end of the newly made RNA 
B)  to the right of the template strand 
C)  to the left of the template strand 
D)  to the right of the sense strand 
E)  to the left of the sense strand 
A)  at the 3' end of the newly made RNA 
B)  to the right of the template strand 
C)  to the left of the template strand 
D)  to the right of the sense strand 
E)  to the left of the sense strand

Question 5

An experimenter has altered the 3' end of the tRNA corresponding to the amino acid methionine in such a way as to remove the 3' AC. Which of the following hypotheses describes the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

A)  tRNA will not form a cloverleaf. 
B)  The nearby stem end will pair improperly. 
C)  The amino acid methionine will not become covalently bound. 
D)  The anticodon will not bind with the mRNA codon. 
E)  The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase will not be formed. 
A)  tRNA will not form a cloverleaf. 
B)  The nearby stem end will pair improperly. 
C)  The amino acid methionine will not become covalently bound. 
D)  The anticodon will not bind with the mRNA codon. 
E)  The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase will not be formed.

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of a signal peptide?

Accepted Answer

A)  to direct an mRNA molecule into the cisternal space of the ER 
B)  to bind RNA polymerase to DNA and initiate transcription 
C)  to terminate translation of the messenger RNA 
D)  to translocate polypeptides across the ER membrane 
E)  to signal the initiation of transcription 
A)  to direct an mRNA molecule into the cisternal space of the ER 
B)  to bind RNA polymerase to DNA and initiate transcription 
C)  to terminate translation of the messenger RNA 
D)  to translocate polypeptides across the ER membrane 
E)  to signal the initiation of transcription

Question 7

The following questions refer to the table of codons in Figure 14.2.
   Figure 14.2
-A possible sequence of nucleotides in the template strand of DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence phe-leu-ile-val would be

Accepted Answer

A)  5' TTG-CTA-CAG-TAG 3'. 
B)  3' AAC-GAC-GUC-AUA 5'. 
C)  5' AUG-CTG-CAG-TAT 3'. 
D)  3' AAA-AAT-ATA-ACA 5'. 
E)  3' AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA 5'. 
A)  5' TTG-CTA-CAG-TAG 3'. 
B)  3' AAC-GAC-GUC-AUA 5'. 
C)  5' AUG-CTG-CAG-TAT 3'. 
D)  3' AAA-AAT-ATA-ACA 5'. 
E)  3' AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA 5'.

Question 8

Which of the following does not occur in prokaryotic gene expression, but does occur in eukaryotic gene expression?

Accepted Answer

A)  mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are transcribed. 
B)  RNA polymerase binds to the promoter. 
C)  A poly-A tail is added to the 3' end of an mRNA and a cap is added to the 5' end. 
D)  Transcription can begin as soon as translation has begun even a little. 
E)  RNA polymerase requires a primer to elongate the molecule. 
A)  mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are transcribed. 
B)  RNA polymerase binds to the promoter. 
C)  A poly-A tail is added to the 3' end of an mRNA and a cap is added to the 5' end. 
D)  Transcription can begin as soon as translation has begun even a little. 
E)  RNA polymerase requires a primer to elongate the molecule.

Question 9

When the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA, no corresponding tRNA enters the A site. If the translation reaction were to be experimentally stopped at this point, which of the following would you be able to isolate?

Accepted Answer

A)  an assembled ribosome with a polypeptide attached to the tRNA in the P site 
B)  separated ribosomal subunits, a polypeptide, and free tRNA 
C)  an assembled ribosome with a separated polypeptide 
D)  separated ribosomal subunits with a polypeptide attached to the tRNA 
E)  a cell with fewer ribosomes 
A)  an assembled ribosome with a polypeptide attached to the tRNA in the P site 
B)  separated ribosomal subunits, a polypeptide, and free tRNA 
C)  an assembled ribosome with a separated polypeptide 
D)  separated ribosomal subunits with a polypeptide attached to the tRNA 
E)  a cell with fewer ribosomes

Question 10

The most commonly occurring mutation in people with cystic fibrosis is a deletion of a single codon. This results in

Accepted Answer

A)  a base-pair substitution. 
B)  a nucleotide mismatch. 
C)  a frameshift mutation. 
D)  a polypeptide missing an amino acid. 
E)  a nonsense mutation. 
A)  a base-pair substitution. 
B)  a nucleotide mismatch. 
C)  a frameshift mutation. 
D)  a polypeptide missing an amino acid. 
E)  a nonsense mutation.

Question 11

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
The enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase randomly assembles nucleotides into a polynucleotide polymer.
-You add polynucleotide phosphorylase to a solution of adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate. How many artificial mRNA 3 nucleotide codons would be possible?

Accepted Answer

A)  3 
B)  4 
C)  8 
D)  16 
E)  64 
A)  3 
B)  4 
C)  8 
D)  16 
E)  64

Question 12

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
The enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase randomly assembles nucleotides into a polynucleotide polymer.
-You add polynucleotide phosphorylase to a solution of ATP, GTP, and UTP. How many artificial mRNA 3 nucleotide codons would be possible?

Accepted Answer

A)  3 
B)  6 
C)  9 
D)  27 
E)  81 
A)  3 
B)  6 
C)  9 
D)  27 
E)  81

Question 13

Which of the following provides some evidence that RNA probably evolved before DNA?

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA polymerase uses DNA as a template. 
B)  RNA polymerase makes a single-stranded molecule. 
C)  RNA polymerase does not require localized unwinding of the DNA. 
D)  DNA polymerase uses primer, usually made of RNA. 
E)  DNA polymerase has proofreading function. 
A)  RNA polymerase uses DNA as a template. 
B)  RNA polymerase makes a single-stranded molecule. 
C)  RNA polymerase does not require localized unwinding of the DNA. 
D)  DNA polymerase uses primer, usually made of RNA. 
E)  DNA polymerase has proofreading function.

Question 14

Figure 14.5
-What type of bonding is responsible for maintaining the shape of the tRNA molecule in Figure 14.5?

Accepted Answer

A)  covalent bonding between sulfur atoms 
B)  ionic bonding between phosphates 
C)  hydrogen bonding between base pairs 
D)  van der Waals interactions between hydrogen atoms 
E)  peptide bonding between amino acids 
A)  covalent bonding between sulfur atoms 
B)  ionic bonding between phosphates 
C)  hydrogen bonding between base pairs 
D)  van der Waals interactions between hydrogen atoms 
E)  peptide bonding between amino acids

Question 15

Use the representation in Figure 14.3 to answer the following questions.
   Figure 14.3
-Given the locally unwound double strand in Figure 14.3, in which direction does the RNA polymerase move?

Accepted Answer

A)  3' → 5' along the template strand 
B)  5' → 3' along the template strand 
C)  3' → 5' along the complementary strand 
D)  5' → 3' along the complementary strand 
E)  5' → 3' along the double-stranded DNA 
A)  3' → 5' along the template strand 
B)  5' → 3' along the template strand 
C)  3' → 5' along the complementary strand 
D)  5' → 3' along the complementary strand 
E)  5' → 3' along the double-stranded DNA

Question 16

The following information should be used for the next few questions.
A part of an mRNA molecule with the following sequence is being read by a ribosome: 5' CCG-ACG 3' (mRNA). The charged transfer RNA molecules shown in Figure 14.4 (with their anticodons shown in the 3' to 5' direction) are available. Two of them can correctly match the mRNA so that a dipeptide can form.
   Figure 14.4
-The anticodon loop of the first tRNA that will complement this mRNA is

Accepted Answer

A)  3' GGC 5'. 
B)  5' GGC 3'. 
C)  5' ACG 3'. 
D)  5' UGC 3'. 
E)  3' UGC 5'. 
A)  3' GGC 5'. 
B)  5' GGC 3'. 
C)  5' ACG 3'. 
D)  5' UGC 3'. 
E)  3' UGC 5'.

Question 17

The following questions refer to the simple metabolic pathway in Figure 14.1.
   Figure 14.1
-A mutation results in a defective enzyme A. Which of the following would be a consequence of that mutation?

Accepted Answer

A)  an accumulation of A and no production of B and C 
B)  an accumulation of A and B and no production of C 
C)  an accumulation of B and no production of A and C 
D)  an accumulation of B and C and no production of A 
E)  an accumulation of C and no production of A and B 
A)  an accumulation of A and no production of B and C 
B)  an accumulation of A and B and no production of C 
C)  an accumulation of B and no production of A and C 
D)  an accumulation of B and C and no production of A 
E)  an accumulation of C and no production of A and B

Question 18

There are 61 mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but only 45 tRNAs. This is best explained by the fact that

Accepted Answer

A)  some tRNAs have anticodons that recognize four or more different codons. 
B)  the rules for base pairing between the third base of a codon and tRNA are flexible. 
C)  many codons are never used, so the tRNAs that recognize them are dispensable. 
D)  the DNA codes for all 61 tRNAs but some are then destroyed. 
E)  competitive exclusion forces some tRNAs to be destroyed by nucleases. 
A)  some tRNAs have anticodons that recognize four or more different codons. 
B)  the rules for base pairing between the third base of a codon and tRNA are flexible. 
C)  many codons are never used, so the tRNAs that recognize them are dispensable. 
D)  the DNA codes for all 61 tRNAs but some are then destroyed. 
E)  competitive exclusion forces some tRNAs to be destroyed by nucleases.

Question 19

Of the following, which is the most current description of a gene?

Accepted Answer

A)  a unit of heredity that causes formation of a phenotypic characteristic 
B)  a DNA subunit that codes for a single complete protein 
C)  a DNA sequence that is expressed to form a functional product: either RNA or polypeptide 
D)  a DNA-RNA sequence combination that results in an enzymatic product 
E)  a discrete unit of hereditary information that consists of a sequence of amino acids 
A)  a unit of heredity that causes formation of a phenotypic characteristic 
B)  a DNA subunit that codes for a single complete protein 
C)  a DNA sequence that is expressed to form a functional product: either RNA or polypeptide 
D)  a DNA-RNA sequence combination that results in an enzymatic product 
E)  a discrete unit of hereditary information that consists of a sequence of amino acids

Question 20

Which of the following is the first event to take place in translation in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A)  elongation of the polypeptide 
B)  base pairing of activated methionine-tRNA to AUG of the messenger RNA 
C)  binding of the larger ribosomal subunit to smaller ribosomal subunits 
D)  covalent bonding between the first two amino acids 
E)  the small subunit of the ribosome recognizes and attaches to the 5' cap of mRNA 
A)  elongation of the polypeptide 
B)  base pairing of activated methionine-tRNA to AUG of the messenger RNA 
C)  binding of the larger ribosomal subunit to smaller ribosomal subunits 
D)  covalent bonding between the first two amino acids 
E)  the small subunit of the ribosome recognizes and attaches to the 5' cap of mRNA

Exam 14: Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

What is the function of GTP in translation?

In eukaryotes there are several different types of RNA polymerase. Which type is involved in transcription of mRNA for a globin protein?

The genetic code is essentially the same for all organisms. From this, one can logically assume which of the following?

Use the representation in Figure 14.3 to answer the following questions. Figure 14.3 -In the transcription event of the previous DNA, where would the promoter be located?

An experimenter has altered the 3' end of the tRNA corresponding to the amino acid methionine in such a way as to remove the 3' AC. Which of the following hypotheses describes the most likely result?

Which of the following is a function of a signal peptide?

The following questions refer to the table of codons in Figure 14.2. Figure 14.2 -A possible sequence of nucleotides in the template strand of DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence phe-leu-ile-val would be

Which of the following does not occur in prokaryotic gene expression, but does occur in eukaryotic gene expression?

When the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA, no corresponding tRNA enters the A site. If the translation reaction were to be experimentally stopped at this point, which of the following would you be able to isolate?

The most commonly occurring mutation in people with cystic fibrosis is a deletion of a single codon. This results in

Which of the following provides some evidence that RNA probably evolved before DNA?

Figure 14.5 -What type of bonding is responsible for maintaining the shape of the tRNA molecule in Figure 14.5?

Use the representation in Figure 14.3 to answer the following questions. Figure 14.3 -Given the locally unwound double strand in Figure 14.3, in which direction does the RNA polymerase move?

The following questions refer to the simple metabolic pathway in Figure 14.1. Figure 14.1 -A mutation results in a defective enzyme A. Which of the following would be a consequence of that mutation?

There are 61 mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but only 45 tRNAs. This is best explained by the fact that

Of the following, which is the most current description of a gene?

Which of the following is the first event to take place in translation in eukaryotes?

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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