Question 1

Sodium ions are single atoms.Why can't they simply diffuse through the cell membrane's lipid bilayer?

Accepted Answer

A) Since they are charged,ions can't cross the hydrophobic center of the membrane without a channel or pump. 
B) Sodium ions are covalently attached in groups of three,which are too large to diffuse easily. 
C) Ions do traverse the membrane easily,but the sodium-potassium pump moves them back across. 
D) Chelator proteins capture any ions that start to cross the bilayer. 
A) Since they are charged,ions can't cross the hydrophobic center of the membrane without a channel or pump. 
B) Sodium ions are covalently attached in groups of three,which are too large to diffuse easily. 
C) Ions do traverse the membrane easily,but the sodium-potassium pump moves them back across. 
D) Chelator proteins capture any ions that start to cross the bilayer.

Question 2

What is the primary function of the hindbrain in vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

A) temperature control 
B) integration of sensory data 
C) memory storage 
D) control of the heartbeat 
E) coordination of motor reflexes 
A) temperature control 
B) integration of sensory data 
C) memory storage 
D) control of the heartbeat 
E) coordination of motor reflexes

Question 3

A region of the brain receives both sensory information from ascending nerve tracts and motor commands from the cortex and cerebellum.This region plays an important role in motor control.Which region is it?

Accepted Answer

A) basal ganglia 
B) pituitary gland 
C) parietal lobe 
D) thalamus 
E) medulla oblongata 
A) basal ganglia 
B) pituitary gland 
C) parietal lobe 
D) thalamus 
E) medulla oblongata

Question 4

How do temporal and spatial summation improve the processing power of the brain?

Accepted Answer

A) Temporal summation allows circadian rhythms to regulate neuronal activity.Spatial summation allows latitude to regulate neuronal activity. 
B) Temporal summation allows a neuron to fire prolonged action potentials,and spatial summation allows a neuron to synapse onto new targets. 
C) Temporal and spatial summation both make the neuron more likely to fire action potentials. 
D) Temporal summation allows a neuron to recognize a persistent signal from a single presynaptic cell,and spatial summation allows a neuron to recognize a broad signal from multiple presynaptic cells. 
A) Temporal summation allows circadian rhythms to regulate neuronal activity.Spatial summation allows latitude to regulate neuronal activity. 
B) Temporal summation allows a neuron to fire prolonged action potentials,and spatial summation allows a neuron to synapse onto new targets. 
C) Temporal and spatial summation both make the neuron more likely to fire action potentials. 
D) Temporal summation allows a neuron to recognize a persistent signal from a single presynaptic cell,and spatial summation allows a neuron to recognize a broad signal from multiple presynaptic cells.

Question 5

In vertebrates,the ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.

Accepted Answer

A) peripheral 
B) central 
C) somatic 
D) autonomic 
E) sympathetic 
A) peripheral 
B) central 
C) somatic 
D) autonomic 
E) sympathetic

Question 6

Which animal phylum lacks a network of nerve cells for gathering information from the environment?

Accepted Answer

A) Porifera - sponges 
B) Cnidaria - jellyfish,sea anemones 
C) Platyhelminthes -- flatworms 
D) Nematoda - roundworms 
E) Mollusca - octopus,squid,clams,snails,and other mollusks 
A) Porifera - sponges 
B) Cnidaria - jellyfish,sea anemones 
C) Platyhelminthes -- flatworms 
D) Nematoda - roundworms 
E) Mollusca - octopus,squid,clams,snails,and other mollusks

Question 7

Which of the following are examples of biogenic amines?

Accepted Answer

A) epinephrine and endorphins 
B) GABA and serotonin 
C) epinephrine,dopamine,and GABA 
D) epinephrine,dopamine,and serotonin 
E) epinephrine,norepinephrine,dopamine,and serotonin 
A) epinephrine and endorphins 
B) GABA and serotonin 
C) epinephrine,dopamine,and GABA 
D) epinephrine,dopamine,and serotonin 
E) epinephrine,norepinephrine,dopamine,and serotonin

Question 8

A neuron that engages in spatial summation acquires a mutation that causes dendrite overgrowth and promiscuous synapsing.What is the likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

A) abnormally low frequency of action potentials 
B) summation will not occur 
C) abnormally high frequency of action potentials 
D) action potentials with stronger depolarization 
A) abnormally low frequency of action potentials 
B) summation will not occur 
C) abnormally high frequency of action potentials 
D) action potentials with stronger depolarization

Question 9

Which of the following is not part of the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

A) sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system 
B) spinal cord 
C) parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system 
D) somatic nervous system 
E) sensory pathways 
A) sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system 
B) spinal cord 
C) parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system 
D) somatic nervous system 
E) sensory pathways

Question 10

At myelinated areas of the axon (i.e.between nodes of Ranvier),which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) There is an increased number of voltage-gated sodium channels. 
B) There is increased resistance across the membrane. 
C) There is increased capacitance across the membrane. 
D) There is increased transport of potassium across the membrane. 
A) There is an increased number of voltage-gated sodium channels. 
B) There is increased resistance across the membrane. 
C) There is increased capacitance across the membrane. 
D) There is increased transport of potassium across the membrane.

Question 11

Nerve impulses are electrical signals measured across which structure?

Accepted Answer

A) lipid sheath of Schwann cell 
B) plasma membrane of neuron 
C) synapse 
D) neuromuscular junction 
A) lipid sheath of Schwann cell 
B) plasma membrane of neuron 
C) synapse 
D) neuromuscular junction

Question 12

Why are mammalian reflexes so fast? (Check all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) They use neurons with extra-wide axons. 
B) They complete the sensory input-to-motor output circuit in only 2-3 neurons. 
C) They do not send signals to the brain and back. 
D) They activate a large number of sensory neurons,which speeds things up after the motor neuron performs spatial summation. 
E) There was a selective advantage to evolve rapid responses to certain types of stimuli. 
A) They use neurons with extra-wide axons. 
B) They complete the sensory input-to-motor output circuit in only 2-3 neurons. 
C) They do not send signals to the brain and back. 
D) They activate a large number of sensory neurons,which speeds things up after the motor neuron performs spatial summation. 
E) There was a selective advantage to evolve rapid responses to certain types of stimuli.

Question 13

When a neuron is not firing,the sodium-potassium pump is inactive.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which ion channel is primarily responsible for the action potential?

Accepted Answer

A) the voltage-gated sodium channel 
B) the voltage-gated potassium channel 
C) the ligand-gated sodium channel 
D) the ligand-gated potassium channel 
E) the nongated sodium channel 
A) the voltage-gated sodium channel 
B) the voltage-gated potassium channel 
C) the ligand-gated sodium channel 
D) the ligand-gated potassium channel 
E) the nongated sodium channel

Question 15

K+ channels in the heart do not have binding sites for ACh,yet parasympathetic release of ACh causes outward flux of K+ from heart cells.How does this occur?

Accepted Answer

A) ACh triggers release of epinephrine from the adrenal glands,which in turn causes K+ flux out of heart cells. 
B) ACh binds to a G-protein coupled receptor on heart cells,and the G protein alpha subunit binds to a separate K+ channel and causes it to open. 
C) Parasympathetic neurons activate sympathetic neurons,which directly cause K+ flux from heart cells. 
D) ACh binds and activates a K+ pump on heart cells. 
A) ACh triggers release of epinephrine from the adrenal glands,which in turn causes K+ flux out of heart cells. 
B) ACh binds to a G-protein coupled receptor on heart cells,and the G protein alpha subunit binds to a separate K+ channel and causes it to open. 
C) Parasympathetic neurons activate sympathetic neurons,which directly cause K+ flux from heart cells. 
D) ACh binds and activates a K+ pump on heart cells.

Question 16

The spinal cord is enclosed by the vertebral column and layers of protective membranes.What are these membranes called?

Accepted Answer

A) neural net 
B) white matter 
C) dorsal root 
D) meninges 
E) viscera 
A) neural net 
B) white matter 
C) dorsal root 
D) meninges 
E) viscera

Question 17

Place the following events involved in drug addiction in the correct sequence.
 I-The synapse becomes less sensitive,and normal function can only continue in the presence of the drug.
II-CNS responds to increased firing by decreasing the number of drug receptors on the cell membrane.
III-Drug molecule prevents receptor endocytosis and causes overstimulation of the postsynaptic cell.

Accepted Answer

A) I,II,III 
B) III,II,I 
C) II,III,I 
D) III,I,II 
A) I,II,III 
B) III,II,I 
C) II,III,I 
D) III,I,II

Question 18

The doctor informs you that your grandmother's stroke has caused damage to Wernicke's area.Which activity is likely to become more difficult for her?

Accepted Answer

A) walking 
B) doing laundry 
C) having a conversation 
D) sleeping 
E) mathematical calculations 
A) walking 
B) doing laundry 
C) having a conversation 
D) sleeping 
E) mathematical calculations

Question 19

What is the name for the gap into which neurotransmitters are released?

Accepted Answer

A) gap junction 
B) synaptic cleft 
C) postsynaptic membrane 
D) presynaptic membrane 
E) impulse channel 
A) gap junction 
B) synaptic cleft 
C) postsynaptic membrane 
D) presynaptic membrane 
E) impulse channel

Question 20

Which area of the cerebral cortex is important for the formulation of thoughts into speech?

Accepted Answer

A) Broca's area 
B) the pons 
C) the medulla oblongata 
D) Wernicke's area 
E) the cerebellum 
A) Broca's area 
B) the pons 
C) the medulla oblongata 
D) Wernicke's area 
E) the cerebellum

Exam 42: The Nervous System

Sodium ions are single atoms.Why can't they simply diffuse through the cell membrane's lipid bilayer?

What is the primary function of the hindbrain in vertebrates?

A region of the brain receives both sensory information from ascending nerve tracts and motor commands from the cortex and cerebellum.This region plays an important role in motor control.Which region is it?

How do temporal and spatial summation improve the processing power of the brain?

In vertebrates,the ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.

Which animal phylum lacks a network of nerve cells for gathering information from the environment?

Which of the following are examples of biogenic amines?

A neuron that engages in spatial summation acquires a mutation that causes dendrite overgrowth and promiscuous synapsing.What is the likely outcome?

Which of the following is not part of the peripheral nervous system?

At myelinated areas of the axon (i.e.between nodes of Ranvier),which of the following statements is true?

Nerve impulses are electrical signals measured across which structure?

Why are mammalian reflexes so fast? (Check all that apply.)

When a neuron is not firing,the sodium-potassium pump is inactive.

Which ion channel is primarily responsible for the action potential?

K+ channels in the heart do not have binding sites for ACh,yet parasympathetic release of ACh causes outward flux of K+ from heart cells.How does this occur?

The spinal cord is enclosed by the vertebral column and layers of protective membranes.What are these membranes called?

The doctor informs you that your grandmother's stroke has caused damage to Wernicke's area.Which activity is likely to become more difficult for her?

What is the name for the gap into which neurotransmitters are released?

Which area of the cerebral cortex is important for the formulation of thoughts into speech?

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K⁺ channels in the heart do not have binding sites for ACh,yet parasympathetic release of ACh causes outward flux of K⁺ from heart cells.How does this occur?