Question 1

Calcium ions initiate sliding of filaments in skeletal muscles by

Accepted Answer

A) breaking the actin-myosin cross-bridges. 
B) binding to the troponin complex,which causes tropomyosin to move and thus expose myosin-binding sites. 
C) transmitting action potentials across the neuromuscular junction. 
D) spreading action potentials through the T tubules. 
E) reestablishing the resting membrane potential following an action potential. 
A) breaking the actin-myosin cross-bridges. 
B) binding to the troponin complex,which causes tropomyosin to move and thus expose myosin-binding sites. 
C) transmitting action potentials across the neuromuscular junction. 
D) spreading action potentials through the T tubules. 
E) reestablishing the resting membrane potential following an action potential.

Question 2

Which of the following is not required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection?

Accepted Answer

A) The form of the behavior is determined entirely by genes. 
B) The behavior varies among individuals. 
C) An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed. 
D) Some component of the behavior is genetically inherited. 
A) The form of the behavior is determined entirely by genes. 
B) The behavior varies among individuals. 
C) An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed. 
D) Some component of the behavior is genetically inherited.

Question 3

A type of learning that can occur only during a brief period of early life and results in a behavior that is difficult to modify through later experiences is called

Accepted Answer

A) innate behavior. 
B) imprinting. 
C) spatial learning. 
D) associative learning. 
A) innate behavior. 
B) imprinting. 
C) spatial learning. 
D) associative learning.

Question 4

Which of the following has a coefficient of relatedness of less than 0.5?

Accepted Answer

A) a mother to her daughter 
B) a father to his son 
C) an aunt to her niece 
D) a brother to his sister 
E) a sister to her sister 
A) a mother to her daughter 
B) a father to his son 
C) an aunt to her niece 
D) a brother to his sister 
E) a sister to her sister

Question 5

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber,calcium ions

Accepted Answer

A) break cross-bridges by acting as a cofactor in the hydrolysis of ATP. 
B) bind with troponin,changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed. 
C) transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber. 
D) spread action potentials through the T tubules. 
A) break cross-bridges by acting as a cofactor in the hydrolysis of ATP. 
B) bind with troponin,changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed. 
C) transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber. 
D) spread action potentials through the T tubules.

Question 6

Parental protective behavior in turkeys is triggered by the cheeping sound of young chicks.What term best applies to this behavior?

Accepted Answer

A) sign stimulus 
B) migration 
C) imprinting 
D) associative learning 
A) sign stimulus 
B) migration 
C) imprinting 
D) associative learning

Question 7

What is the fitness benefit of polygamy in birds that rear young that are precocious (develop and mature rapidly)?

Accepted Answer

A) Females will copulate with many males to ensure that all of their eggs are fertilized. 
B) Females don't have to decide on one mate and can copulate with as many males as they deem worthy to share their genes with in reproduction. 
C) Fit males don't have to help feed and rear young and can spend this time seeking out and mating with many females. 
D) Females don't have to spend time rearing young and can mate and rear additional broods during a breeding season. 
E) Both males and females spend little time with courtship and brood-rearing and don't tax their own physiology,so they can breed again in subsequent breeding seasons. 
A) Females will copulate with many males to ensure that all of their eggs are fertilized. 
B) Females don't have to decide on one mate and can copulate with as many males as they deem worthy to share their genes with in reproduction. 
C) Fit males don't have to help feed and rear young and can spend this time seeking out and mating with many females. 
D) Females don't have to spend time rearing young and can mate and rear additional broods during a breeding season. 
E) Both males and females spend little time with courtship and brood-rearing and don't tax their own physiology,so they can breed again in subsequent breeding seasons.

Question 8

Myasthenia gravis is a form of muscle paralysis in which

Accepted Answer

A) motor neurons lose their myelination and the ability to rapidly fire action potentials. 
B) acetylcholine receptors are recognized by antibodies and destroyed by an overactive immune system. 
C) ATP production becomes uncoupled from mitochondrial electron transport. 
D) the spinal cord is infected with a virus that attacks muscle stretch receptors. 
E) troponin molecules become unable to bind calcium ions. 
A) motor neurons lose their myelination and the ability to rapidly fire action potentials. 
B) acetylcholine receptors are recognized by antibodies and destroyed by an overactive immune system. 
C) ATP production becomes uncoupled from mitochondrial electron transport. 
D) the spinal cord is infected with a virus that attacks muscle stretch receptors. 
E) troponin molecules become unable to bind calcium ions.

Question 9

Animals use pheromones to communicate

Accepted Answer

A) only reproductive readiness. 
B) only species recognition. 
C) only gender recognition. 
D) only danger. 
E) reproductive readiness,species recognition,gender recognition,and danger. 
A) only reproductive readiness. 
B) only species recognition. 
C) only gender recognition. 
D) only danger. 
E) reproductive readiness,species recognition,gender recognition,and danger.

Question 10

Salmon are hatched in freshwater streams,and then they migrate to the ocean.When an adult salmon is ready to mate,it returns to the exact stream where it hatched.What term best applies to this behavior?

Accepted Answer

A) sign stimulus 
B) spatial learning 
C) imprinting 
D) associative learning 
A) sign stimulus 
B) spatial learning 
C) imprinting 
D) associative learning

Question 11

Muscle cells are stimulated by neurotransmitters released from the synaptic terminals of

Accepted Answer

A) motor neuron axons. 
B) sensory neuron axons. 
C) motor neuron dendrites. 
D) sensory neuron dendrites. 
A) motor neuron axons. 
B) sensory neuron axons. 
C) motor neuron dendrites. 
D) sensory neuron dendrites.

Question 12

What does troponin bind to during excitation of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

A) calcium ions 
B) sodium ions 
C) ATP 
D) ADP 
E) phosphate 
A) calcium ions 
B) sodium ions 
C) ATP 
D) ADP 
E) phosphate

Question 13

After the crash,Teo is having difficulty bending his fingers of his right hand to form a fist.What type of joint is being affected?

Accepted Answer

A) pivot 
B) ball and socket 
C) hinge 
A) pivot 
B) ball and socket 
C) hinge

Question 14

Male alligators roar and slap their heads against the water to get the attention of females.What type of communication signal is this?

Accepted Answer

A) olfactory 
B) visual 
C) auditory 
D) tactile 
A) olfactory 
B) visual 
C) auditory 
D) tactile

Question 15

During a field trip,an instructor touched a moth resting on a tree trunk.The moth raised its forewings to reveal large eyespots on its hind wings.The instructor asked why the moth lifted its wings.One student answered that sensory receptors had fired and triggered a neuronal reflex culminating in the contraction of certain muscles.A second student responded that the behavior might frighten predators.Which statement best describes these explanations?

Accepted Answer

A) The first explanation is correct,but the second is incorrect. 
B) The first explanation refers to proximate causation,whereas the second refers to ultimate causation. 
C) The first explanation is testable as a scientific hypothesis,whereas the second is not. 
D) Both explanations are reasonable and simply represent a difference of opinion. 
A) The first explanation is correct,but the second is incorrect. 
B) The first explanation refers to proximate causation,whereas the second refers to ultimate causation. 
C) The first explanation is testable as a scientific hypothesis,whereas the second is not. 
D) Both explanations are reasonable and simply represent a difference of opinion.

Question 16

A hydrostatic skeleton is a

Accepted Answer

A) hardened internal skeleton buried in soft tissues. 
B) hard covering deposited on an animal's surface. 
C) skeleton that consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment. 
A) hardened internal skeleton buried in soft tissues. 
B) hard covering deposited on an animal's surface. 
C) skeleton that consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment.

Question 17

Upon observing a golden eagle flying overhead,a prairie dog on "guard duty" gives a warning call to other members of the prairie dog community that are foraging.What form of animal behavior is this?

Accepted Answer

A) associative learning 
B) innate behavior 
C) imprinting 
D) altruistic behavior 
E) agonistic behavior 
A) associative learning 
B) innate behavior 
C) imprinting 
D) altruistic behavior 
E) agonistic behavior

Question 18

What probably explains why coastal and inland garter snakes react differently to banana slug prey?

Accepted Answer

A) Ancestors of coastal snakes that could eat the abundant banana slugs had increased fitness.No such selection occurred inland,where banana slugs were absent. 
B) Banana slugs are camouflaged,and inland snakes,which have poorer vision than coastal snakes,are less able to see them. 
C) Garter snakes learn about prey from other garter snakes.Inland garter snakes have fewer types of prey because they are less social. 
D) Inland banana slugs are distasteful,so inland snakes learn to avoid them.Coastal banana slugs are palatable to garter snakes. 
E) Garter snakes learn to eat what their mothers eat.Coastal snake mothers happened to prefer slugs. 
A) Ancestors of coastal snakes that could eat the abundant banana slugs had increased fitness.No such selection occurred inland,where banana slugs were absent. 
B) Banana slugs are camouflaged,and inland snakes,which have poorer vision than coastal snakes,are less able to see them. 
C) Garter snakes learn about prey from other garter snakes.Inland garter snakes have fewer types of prey because they are less social. 
D) Inland banana slugs are distasteful,so inland snakes learn to avoid them.Coastal banana slugs are palatable to garter snakes. 
E) Garter snakes learn to eat what their mothers eat.Coastal snake mothers happened to prefer slugs.

Question 19

Male mountain lions will kick up piles of dirt and leaves and then urinate on them (which leaves a strong scent)to mark their territory.What type of communication signal is this?

Accepted Answer

A) olfactory 
B) visual 
C) auditory 
D) tactile 
A) olfactory 
B) visual 
C) auditory 
D) tactile

Question 20

Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A) Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes. 
B) They occur with or without environmental stimuli. 
C) They are expressed in most individuals in a population. 
D) They occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals. 
A) Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes. 
B) They occur with or without environmental stimuli. 
C) They are expressed in most individuals in a population. 
D) They occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals.

Exam 39: Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Calcium ions initiate sliding of filaments in skeletal muscles by

Which of the following is not required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection?

A type of learning that can occur only during a brief period of early life and results in a behavior that is difficult to modify through later experiences is called

Which of the following has a coefficient of relatedness of less than 0.5?

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber,calcium ions

Parental protective behavior in turkeys is triggered by the cheeping sound of young chicks.What term best applies to this behavior?

What is the fitness benefit of polygamy in birds that rear young that are precocious (develop and mature rapidly)?

Myasthenia gravis is a form of muscle paralysis in which

Animals use pheromones to communicate

Salmon are hatched in freshwater streams,and then they migrate to the ocean.When an adult salmon is ready to mate,it returns to the exact stream where it hatched.What term best applies to this behavior?

Muscle cells are stimulated by neurotransmitters released from the synaptic terminals of

What does troponin bind to during excitation of muscle contraction?

After the crash,Teo is having difficulty bending his fingers of his right hand to form a fist.What type of joint is being affected?

Male alligators roar and slap their heads against the water to get the attention of females.What type of communication signal is this?

A hydrostatic skeleton is a

Upon observing a golden eagle flying overhead,a prairie dog on "guard duty" gives a warning call to other members of the prairie dog community that are foraging.What form of animal behavior is this?

What probably explains why coastal and inland garter snakes react differently to banana slug prey?

Male mountain lions will kick up piles of dirt and leaves and then urinate on them (which leaves a strong scent)to mark their territory.What type of communication signal is this?

Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development,stem Cells,and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition,nutrition,and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons,synapses,and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Ecological Communities

Ecosystems and Energy

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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