Question 1

Darwin's observation of the Galápagos Islands finches' various beaks and behaviors could be explained by

Accepted Answer

A) adaptations to the specific foods available on their mainland. 
B) adaptations forged by natural selection. 
C) modification with descent. 
D) inherited traits that did not survive. 
A) adaptations to the specific foods available on their mainland. 
B) adaptations forged by natural selection. 
C) modification with descent. 
D) inherited traits that did not survive.

Question 2

Analogous features share ________ function but not ________ ancestry.

Accepted Answer

A) similar;common 
B) common;similar 
C) similar;similar 
D) common;common 
A) similar;common 
B) common;similar 
C) similar;similar 
D) common;common

Question 3

Examine the evolutionary tree.The horizontal axis of the cladogram depicted below is a timeline that extends from 100,000 years ago to the present;the vertical axis represents nothing in particular.The labeled branch points on the tree (V-Z)represent various common ancestors.Let's say that only since 50,000 years ago has there been enough variation between the lineages depicted here to separate them into distinct species,and only the tips of the lineages on this tree represent distinct species.
  
-Which pair would probably have agreed with the process that is depicted by this tree?

Accepted Answer

A) Cuvier and Lamarck 
B) Lamarck and Wallace 
C) Aristotle and Lyell 
D) Wallace and Linnaeus 
A) Cuvier and Lamarck 
B) Lamarck and Wallace 
C) Aristotle and Lyell 
D) Wallace and Linnaeus

Question 4

Which of the following statements are accurate about the function of the appendix?

Accepted Answer

A) The appendix can be surgically removed with no immediate ill effects. 
B) The appendix might have been larger in fossil hominids. 
C) The appendix has a substantial amount of defensive lymphatic tissue. 
D) Individuals with a larger-than-average appendix leave fewer offspring than those with a below-average-size appendix. 
A) The appendix can be surgically removed with no immediate ill effects. 
B) The appendix might have been larger in fossil hominids. 
C) The appendix has a substantial amount of defensive lymphatic tissue. 
D) Individuals with a larger-than-average appendix leave fewer offspring than those with a below-average-size appendix.

Question 5

An article in the New York Times stated the following: "Scientists have discovered micro-organisms living beneath the ocean floor that appear to have not evolved for more than two billion years,a finding that nonetheless may support the theory of evolution." The lack of evolution of these microorganisms could be caused by

Accepted Answer

A) organisms adapting to a changing physical or biological environment. 
B) the bacteria's unchanging environment. 
C) lack of protection in an environment that's existed on Earth,unchanged. 
D) comparison of the specimens to modern communities of sulfur bacteria. 
A) organisms adapting to a changing physical or biological environment. 
B) the bacteria's unchanging environment. 
C) lack of protection in an environment that's existed on Earth,unchanged. 
D) comparison of the specimens to modern communities of sulfur bacteria.

Question 6

Which of the following is the most accurate summary of Cuvier's consideration of fossils found in the strata near Paris?

Accepted Answer

A) extinction of species: yes;evolution of new species: yes 
B) extinction of species: no;evolution of new species: yes 
C) extinction of species: yes;evolution of new species: no 
D) extinction of species: no;evolution of new species: no 
A) extinction of species: yes;evolution of new species: yes 
B) extinction of species: no;evolution of new species: yes 
C) extinction of species: yes;evolution of new species: no 
D) extinction of species: no;evolution of new species: no

Question 7

You overhear a couple of your friends discussing the layers in sedimentary rock.One of them states that the layers only form after a large flood or earthquake.The other person agrees and adds that they must form pretty suddenly.Which of the following questions would help the least in guiding them to other causes of sedimentary rock layer formation?

Accepted Answer

A) Do volcanoes suddenly erupt? 
B) Are canyons carved out over a few years? 
C) Do valleys form within days? 
D) Are mountains created overnight? 
A) Do volcanoes suddenly erupt? 
B) Are canyons carved out over a few years? 
C) Do valleys form within days? 
D) Are mountains created overnight?

Question 8

It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from,but closely related to,similar forms found on the nearest continent.This is taken as evidence that

Accepted Answer

A) island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors. 
B) common environments are inhabited by the same organisms. 
C) the islands were originally part of the continent. 
D) the island forms and mainland forms are converging. 
A) island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors. 
B) common environments are inhabited by the same organisms. 
C) the islands were originally part of the continent. 
D) the island forms and mainland forms are converging.

Question 9

What is true of pseudogenes?

Accepted Answer

A) They are composed of RNA,rather than DNA. 
B) They are the same things as introns. 
C) They are unrelated genes that code for the same gene product. 
D) They are vestigial genes. 
A) They are composed of RNA,rather than DNA. 
B) They are the same things as introns. 
C) They are unrelated genes that code for the same gene product. 
D) They are vestigial genes.

Question 10

-How many separate species,both extant and extinct,are depicted in this tree?

Accepted Answer

A) two 
B) four 
C) five 
D) six 
A) two 
B) four 
C) five 
D) six

Question 11

Members of two different species possess similar-looking structures that they use in a similar fashion to perform the same function.Which of the following statements describes these structures originating from convergent evolution?

Accepted Answer

A) The two species live at great distance from each other and have structures for flying. 
B) These structures share function but do not share a common ancestry. 
C) The functions of the structures in adult members of both species are not similar. 
D) Both species have structures that are not adapted to their particular environments. 
A) The two species live at great distance from each other and have structures for flying. 
B) These structures share function but do not share a common ancestry. 
C) The functions of the structures in adult members of both species are not similar. 
D) Both species have structures that are not adapted to their particular environments.

Question 12

A large community of rattlesnakes,from El Paso,Texas,is separated into two groups.One group is taken 46 miles northwest to Las Cruces,New Mexico.The other group goes 712 miles north to Estes Park,Colorado.Which of the following statements is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A) The group moved to Las Cruces will evolve because of the drastic change in environment. 
B) The group moved to Estes Park will undergo a series of adaptations to survive. 
C) Both groups will undergo the same heritable adaptations. 
D) The frequency of adaptations that are not favorable will be higher in the Estes Park group. 
A) The group moved to Las Cruces will evolve because of the drastic change in environment. 
B) The group moved to Estes Park will undergo a series of adaptations to survive. 
C) Both groups will undergo the same heritable adaptations. 
D) The frequency of adaptations that are not favorable will be higher in the Estes Park group.

Question 13

Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus?

Accepted Answer

A) Technological innovation in agricultural practices will permit exponential growth of the human population into the foreseeable future. 
B) Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows. 
C) Earth changed over the years through a series of catastrophic upheavals. 
D) The environment is responsible for natural selection. 
A) Technological innovation in agricultural practices will permit exponential growth of the human population into the foreseeable future. 
B) Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows. 
C) Earth changed over the years through a series of catastrophic upheavals. 
D) The environment is responsible for natural selection.

Question 14

Over evolutionary time,many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes.Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems.Whales have lost their hind limbs.How can natural selection account for these losses?

Accepted Answer

A) Natural selection cannot account for losses,only for innovations. 
B) Natural selection accounts for these losses by the principle of use and disuse. 
C) Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods,each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits. 
D) The ancestors of these organisms experienced harmful mutations that forced them to find new habitats that these species had not previously used. 
A) Natural selection cannot account for losses,only for innovations. 
B) Natural selection accounts for these losses by the principle of use and disuse. 
C) Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods,each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits. 
D) The ancestors of these organisms experienced harmful mutations that forced them to find new habitats that these species had not previously used.

Question 15

What is an example of what happens when herbivores switch to a new food source with different characteristics?

Accepted Answer

A) In southern Florida,the soapberry bug (Jadera haema-toloma)will not have beaks to feed on the seeds of a native plant,the balloon vine (Cardiospermum corindum). 
B) Soapberry bugs in central Florida,where balloon vines have become rare,now have bigger beaks to feed on seeds of the goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria elegans),a species recently introduced from Asia. 
C) Soapberry bugs feed most effectively when the length of their beak is longer than the depth at which seeds are found within the fruit.Goldenrain tree fruit consists of three flat lobes,and its seeds are much closer to the fruit surface than seeds of the plump,round fruit of the native balloon vine. 
D) In populations that feed on goldenrain tree,natural selection results in beaks that are shorter than those in populations that feed on balloon vine. 
A) In southern Florida,the soapberry bug (Jadera haema-toloma)will not have beaks to feed on the seeds of a native plant,the balloon vine (Cardiospermum corindum). 
B) Soapberry bugs in central Florida,where balloon vines have become rare,now have bigger beaks to feed on seeds of the goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria elegans),a species recently introduced from Asia. 
C) Soapberry bugs feed most effectively when the length of their beak is longer than the depth at which seeds are found within the fruit.Goldenrain tree fruit consists of three flat lobes,and its seeds are much closer to the fruit surface than seeds of the plump,round fruit of the native balloon vine. 
D) In populations that feed on goldenrain tree,natural selection results in beaks that are shorter than those in populations that feed on balloon vine.

Question 16

Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?

Accepted Answer

A) genetic variation among individuals 
B) variation among individuals caused by environmental factors 
C) sexual reproduction 
D) genetic homogeneity among population members 
A) genetic variation among individuals 
B) variation among individuals caused by environmental factors 
C) sexual reproduction 
D) genetic homogeneity among population members

Question 17

Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?

Accepted Answer

A) There is heritable variation among individuals. 
B) Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring. 
C) Species produce more offspring than the environment can support. 
D) Only a fraction of an individual's offspring may survive. 
A) There is heritable variation among individuals. 
B) Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring. 
C) Species produce more offspring than the environment can support. 
D) Only a fraction of an individual's offspring may survive.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of artificial selection?

Accepted Answer

A) plant bending toward a light source 
B) catfish able to breathe outside of water 
C) a farmer cultivating sweet watermelons 
D) moth able to survive due to camouflage 
A) plant bending toward a light source 
B) catfish able to breathe outside of water 
C) a farmer cultivating sweet watermelons 
D) moth able to survive due to camouflage

Question 19

-The diagram shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled A-D.If x indicates the location of fossils of two closely related species,then fossils of their most-recent common ancestor are most likely to occur in which stratum?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D

Question 20

Currently,two extant elephant species (X and Y)are placed in the genus Loxodonta,and a third species (Z)is placed in the genus Elephas.Assuming this classification reflects evolutionary relatedness,which of the following is the most accurate phylogenetic tree?

Accepted Answer

A) 
  
B) 
  
C) 
  
D) 
  
A) 
  
B) 
  
C) 
  
D)

Exam 19: Descent With Modification

Darwin's observation of the Galápagos Islands finches' various beaks and behaviors could be explained by

Analogous features share ________ function but not ________ ancestry.

Which of the following statements are accurate about the function of the appendix?

Which of the following is the most accurate summary of Cuvier's consideration of fossils found in the strata near Paris?

It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from,but closely related to,similar forms found on the nearest continent.This is taken as evidence that

What is true of pseudogenes?

-How many separate species,both extant and extinct,are depicted in this tree?

Members of two different species possess similar-looking structures that they use in a similar fashion to perform the same function.Which of the following statements describes these structures originating from convergent evolution?

A large community of rattlesnakes,from El Paso,Texas,is separated into two groups.One group is taken 46 miles northwest to Las Cruces,New Mexico.The other group goes 712 miles north to Estes Park,Colorado.Which of the following statements is most accurate?

Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus?

Over evolutionary time,many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes.Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems.Whales have lost their hind limbs.How can natural selection account for these losses?

What is an example of what happens when herbivores switch to a new food source with different characteristics?

Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?

Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?

Which of the following is an example of artificial selection?

-The diagram shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled A-D.If x indicates the location of fossils of two closely related species,then fossils of their most-recent common ancestor are most likely to occur in which stratum?

Currently,two extant elephant species (X and Y)are placed in the genus Loxodonta,and a third species (Z)is placed in the genus Elephas.Assuming this classification reflects evolutionary relatedness,which of the following is the most accurate phylogenetic tree?

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development,stem Cells,and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition,nutrition,and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons,synapses,and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Ecological Communities

Ecosystems and Energy

Conservation Biology and Global Change

Filters

Analogous features share function but not ancestry.