Exam 6: A: Conditioning and Learning

Which of the following types of associative learning is also known as instrumental learning and can be used to alter your own behavior and the behavior of pets,children,and other adults?

A baby cries when it hears a stranger's voice,but not when it hears its mother's voice.This illustrates

Even though it will be four years before you graduate,you study and work hard because you know that having the degree will help you obtain a good job.Looking toward this degree helps maintain your hard work through a series of courses even through the reinforcement is delayed for several years.This illustrates

Emotional reactions to objects and events are sometimes learned as a result of observing others rather than through direct experiences.This phenomenon is called

A response may be followed by a reinforcer,by punishment,or by nothing with these results determining whether a response is likely to be made again.The type of learning just described is

Operant conditioning focuses on how

Learning from written language is unique to humans and is a more complex form of

Classical conditioning is based on

We are more adaptable because learning is extended to related situations through

Which of the following best describes the unusual events that occurred in Pavlov's laboratory that led him to the discovery of classical conditioning?

Andy was in a severe automobile accident.Now he has a persistent unrealistic fear of any type of transportation.This is an example of

As a coffee lover,you have become very efficient at carrying out the steps necessary to make a cup of espresso.Your learning is an example of

You locate a vending machine and deposit your last bit of change to buy a candy bar.Then you press the button,and nothing happens.You press the other buttons,try the coin return,and look for an attendant.Still nothing happens.Impulsively,you give the machine a little kick,and out pops a candy bar plus 75 cents.Because your kick produced food and money,the odds of repeating the "kicking response" increase.This situation illustrates

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs,salivation to the bell was the

When the conditioned stimulus (CS)is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US),which of the following will eventually occur?

Advertisers often try to use higher order conditioning by

To observe conditioning,one could ring a bell and squirt lemon juice into Johnny's mouth.By repeating this procedure several times,you could condition Johnny to salivate to the bell.Conditioning will be most rapid if the US follows immediately after the CS.In this example,the CS would be

You condition a person to blink each time you play a particular mid-level note on a piano by delivering a puff of air to the person's eye.If you then play a very high note or a very low note on the piano and do not deliver the puff of air,the person's blinking will

Regarding a comparison of classical and operant conditioning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Which of the following is based on what happens before we respond and begins with a stimulus that reliably triggers a response?