Question 1

Stimuli that consistently precede a rewarded response tend to influence when and where the response will occur. This is the principle of

Accepted Answer

A) the partial reinforcement effect. 
B) stimulus control. 
C) latent learning. 
D) the law of effect. 
A) the partial reinforcement effect. 
B) stimulus control. 
C) latent learning. 
D) the law of effect.

Question 2

A team coach who scolds and benches a player for poor performance is using

Accepted Answer

A) aversive conditioning. 
B) modeling. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) punishment. 
A) aversive conditioning. 
B) modeling. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) punishment.

Question 3

In which type of learning do we associate responses with their consequences?

Accepted Answer

A) respondent learning 
B) classical conditioning 
C) instrumental learning 
D) Pavlovian conditioning 
A) respondent learning 
B) classical conditioning 
C) instrumental learning 
D) Pavlovian conditioning

Question 4

If an operant reinforcer is only given after a desired response has occurred,the reinforcer is said to be

Accepted Answer

A) cue dependent. 
B) a conditioned response. 
C) a successive approximation. 
D) response contingent. 
A) cue dependent. 
B) a conditioned response. 
C) a successive approximation. 
D) response contingent.

Question 5

The phenomenon of stimulus control makes it clear that stimuli that affect operant responding

Accepted Answer

A) are those that elicit a genetically predisposed response. 
B) always occur after the response. 
C) may occur before the response. 
D) are those that satisfy basic biological needs. 
A) are those that elicit a genetically predisposed response. 
B) always occur after the response. 
C) may occur before the response. 
D) are those that satisfy basic biological needs.

Question 6

Regarding superstitious behavior,which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A) Superstitious behavior is based upon an apparent connection between a response and a reinforcer. 
B) Superstitious behavior is due to the occurrence of a spontaneous recovery. 
C) Superstitious behavior is observed only in people,not in other animals. 
D) Superstitious behaviors are learned patterns of behavior that consistently predict future events. 
A) Superstitious behavior is based upon an apparent connection between a response and a reinforcer. 
B) Superstitious behavior is due to the occurrence of a spontaneous recovery. 
C) Superstitious behavior is observed only in people,not in other animals. 
D) Superstitious behaviors are learned patterns of behavior that consistently predict future events.

Question 7

Every time you have a cold,you take a cold remedy to get rid of the symptoms.You are taking the medicine because of

Accepted Answer

A) response cost. 
B) extinction. 
C) positive reinforcement. 
D) negative reinforcement. 
A) response cost. 
B) extinction. 
C) positive reinforcement. 
D) negative reinforcement.

Question 8

Parents report dramatic improvements in their children's behavior (that is,a decrease in negative attention­seeking) when they

Accepted Answer

A) scold their children for their disruptive behavior. 
B) spank their children for their disruptive behavior. 
C) ignore all behavior except for the target behavior they wish to reduce and then use a strong aversive punishment. 
D) ignore their children's disruptive behavior and praise their child for being quiet or playing constructively. 
A) scold their children for their disruptive behavior. 
B) spank their children for their disruptive behavior. 
C) ignore all behavior except for the target behavior they wish to reduce and then use a strong aversive punishment. 
D) ignore their children's disruptive behavior and praise their child for being quiet or playing constructively.

Question 9

Superstitious behaviors are

Accepted Answer

A) repeated because they appear to produce reinforcement. 
B) necessary to produce response-contingent reinforcement. 
C) observed in animals,but not people. 
D) characterized by all of these. 
A) repeated because they appear to produce reinforcement. 
B) necessary to produce response-contingent reinforcement. 
C) observed in animals,but not people. 
D) characterized by all of these.

Question 10

Fatima sees her four-year-old son spontaneously picking up his toys.If she wishes for her son to continue this behavior,she should

Accepted Answer

A) praise her son immediately after he finishes picking up the toys. 
B) wait and praise her son after his father gets home from work. 
C) not praise her son because he will then expect praise every time he acts "good." 
D) wait and only praise him if he picks them up again on another day. 
A) praise her son immediately after he finishes picking up the toys. 
B) wait and praise her son after his father gets home from work. 
C) not praise her son because he will then expect praise every time he acts "good." 
D) wait and only praise him if he picks them up again on another day.

Question 11

The gradual molding of responses to a desired pattern is known as

Accepted Answer

A) latent learning. 
B) fading. 
C) shaping. 
D) secondary reinforcement. 
A) latent learning. 
B) fading. 
C) shaping. 
D) secondary reinforcement.

Question 12

If you work hard all semester in a class to get an A,the delay between your hard work and the final grade should be a detriment to your learning,but it is not deterimental for several reasons.Which of following would NOT be a plausible reason for this occurrence?

Accepted Answer

A) As a mature human,you can anticipate future rewards. 
B) You get reinforced by quiz and test grades all through the semester. 
C) A single reinforcer can often maintain a linked series of actions that lead to the final reinforcement of an A for the class. 
D) Response-contingent reinforcement does not have an effect on adults,only animals and young children. 
A) As a mature human,you can anticipate future rewards. 
B) You get reinforced by quiz and test grades all through the semester. 
C) A single reinforcer can often maintain a linked series of actions that lead to the final reinforcement of an A for the class. 
D) Response-contingent reinforcement does not have an effect on adults,only animals and young children.

Question 13

A pigeon learns to peck at a circle for food.The fact that it also pecks at an oval describes

Accepted Answer

A) operant response substitution. 
B) shaping. 
C) operant stimulus generalization. 
D) response chaining. 
A) operant response substitution. 
B) shaping. 
C) operant stimulus generalization. 
D) response chaining.

Question 14

You go through a series of steps in making a six­tier wedding cake with the "oohs" and "ahhs" of the wedding guests and your payment being the reinforcement for the numerous steps you completed in this example of
__________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of You go through a series of steps...

Question 15

Once you learn how to use the SQ4R method for studying in psychology class,you can then use it to study for any college class.This illustrates

Accepted Answer

A) latent learning. 
B) response chaining. 
C) operant stimulus discrimination. 
D) operant stimulus generalization. 
A) latent learning. 
B) response chaining. 
C) operant stimulus discrimination. 
D) operant stimulus generalization.

Question 16

The basic principle of which type of learning states that acts that are followed by a positive consequence tend to be repeated?

Accepted Answer

A) respondent conditioning 
B) reflexive learning 
C) instrumental learning 
D) Pavlovian conditioning 
A) respondent conditioning 
B) reflexive learning 
C) instrumental learning 
D) Pavlovian conditioning

Question 17

Regarding operant extinction and spontaneous recovery,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) Just as acquiring an operant response takes time,so does operant extinction. 
B) Even after operant extinction seems complete,the previously reinforced response may return. 
C) If a response is extinguished and comes back,the operant extinction process usually takes longer the second time. 
D) Spontaneous recovery is very adaptive because it is a way of checking to see if the rules have changed. 
A) Just as acquiring an operant response takes time,so does operant extinction. 
B) Even after operant extinction seems complete,the previously reinforced response may return. 
C) If a response is extinguished and comes back,the operant extinction process usually takes longer the second time. 
D) Spontaneous recovery is very adaptive because it is a way of checking to see if the rules have changed.

Question 18

The best way to differentiate operant conditioning from classical conditioning is to decide if the

Accepted Answer

A) response is voluntary or involuntary. 
B) stimulus is conditioned or unconditioned. 
C) consequence comes before or after the response. 
D) response is pleasant or unpleasant. 
A) response is voluntary or involuntary. 
B) stimulus is conditioned or unconditioned. 
C) consequence comes before or after the response. 
D) response is pleasant or unpleasant.

Question 19

Operant shaping is often used in training various animals to perform tricks with hand signals being used to indicate which trick that the animal is to perform and food treats then being used as reinforcers.Thus,the trainer's hand signals are serving as

Accepted Answer

A) unconditioned stimuli. 
B) respondent cues. 
C) cognitive maps. 
D) discriminative stimuli. 
A) unconditioned stimuli. 
B) respondent cues. 
C) cognitive maps. 
D) discriminative stimuli.

Question 20

Akia rubbed some cortisone cream on the spot where a mosquito had bitten her and the itching stopped.The next time a mosquito bit her,she reached for the cortisone cream.In terms of operant conditioning,this is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) aversive punishment. 
D) response cost. 
A) positive reinforcement. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) aversive punishment. 
D) response cost.

Exam 30: Conditioning and Learning: Operant Conditioning

Stimuli that consistently precede a rewarded response tend to influence when and where the response will occur. This is the principle of

A team coach who scolds and benches a player for poor performance is using

In which type of learning do we associate responses with their consequences?

If an operant reinforcer is only given after a desired response has occurred,the reinforcer is said to be

The phenomenon of stimulus control makes it clear that stimuli that affect operant responding

Regarding superstitious behavior,which of the following statements is TRUE?

Every time you have a cold,you take a cold remedy to get rid of the symptoms.You are taking the medicine because of

Parents report dramatic improvements in their children's behavior (that is,a decrease in negative attention­seeking) when they

Superstitious behaviors are

Fatima sees her four-year-old son spontaneously picking up his toys.If she wishes for her son to continue this behavior,she should

The gradual molding of responses to a desired pattern is known as

If you work hard all semester in a class to get an A,the delay between your hard work and the final grade should be a detriment to your learning,but it is not deterimental for several reasons.Which of following would NOT be a plausible reason for this occurrence?

A pigeon learns to peck at a circle for food.The fact that it also pecks at an oval describes

You go through a series of steps in making a six­tier wedding cake with the "oohs" and "ahhs" of the wedding guests and your payment being the reinforcement for the numerous steps you completed in this example of __________.

Once you learn how to use the SQ4R method for studying in psychology class,you can then use it to study for any college class.This illustrates

The basic principle of which type of learning states that acts that are followed by a positive consequence tend to be repeated?

Regarding operant extinction and spontaneous recovery,which of the following statements is FALSE?

The best way to differentiate operant conditioning from classical conditioning is to decide if the

Operant shaping is often used in training various animals to perform tricks with hand signals being used to indicate which trick that the animal is to perform and food treats then being used as reinforcers.Thus,the trainer's hand signals are serving as

Akia rubbed some cortisone cream on the spot where a mosquito had bitten her and the itching stopped.The next time a mosquito bit her,she reached for the cortisone cream.In terms of operant conditioning,this is an example of

Introduction

How to Study Psychology

Introducing Psychology: Psychology, Critical Thinking, and Science

Introducing Psychology: Psychology Then and Now

Introducing Psychology: the Psychology Experiment

Introducing Psychology: Non-Experimental Research Methods

Psychology in Action: Thinking Critically About the Media

Brain and Behavior: Neurons and the Nervous System

Brain and Behavior: Brain Research

Brain and Behavior: Hemispheres and Lobes of the Cortex

Brain and Behavior: Sub-Cortex and Endocrine System

Psychology in Action: Handedness

Human Development: Heredity and Environment

Human Development: Emotional and Social Development in Childhood

Human Development: Language and Cognitive Development in Childhood

Human Development: Adolescence and Adulthood

Psychology in Action: Well-Being and Happiness

Sensation and Perception: Sensory Processes

Sensation and Perception: Vision

Sensation and Perception: The Other Senses

Sensation and Perception: Perceptual Processes

Sensation and Perception: Perception and Objectivity

Psychology in Action: Extrasensory Perception

Consciousness: States of Consciousness

Consciousness: Sleep and Dreams

Consciousness: Psychoactive Drugs

Psychology in Action: Exploring and Using Dreams

Conditioning and Learning: Types of Learning

Conditioning and Learning: Classical Conditioning

Conditioning and Learning: Reinforcement and Punishment

Psychology in Action: Behavioral Self-Management

Memory: Memory Systems

Memory: Forgetting

Memory: Exceptional Memory and Improving Memory

Psychology in Action: Mnemonics

Cognition and Intelligence: Imagery, Concepts, and Language

Cognition and Intelligence: Problem Solving

Cognition and Intelligence: Creative Thinking and Intuition

Cognition and Intelligence: Intelligence

Psychology in Action: Enhancing Creativity

Motivation and Emotion: Overview of Motives and Emotions

Motivation and Emotion: Motivation in Detail

Motivation and Emotion: Emotion in Detail

Psychology in Action: Emotional Intelligence

Human Sexuality: Sexual Development and Orientation

Human Sexuality: Gender Development, Androgyny, and Gender Variance

Human Sexuality: Sexual Behavior, Response, and Attitudes

Psychology in Action: Sexual Problems

Personality: Overview of Personality

Personality: Trait Theories

Personality: Psychoanalytic and Humanistic Theories

Personality: Behavioral and Social Learning Theories

Psychology in Action: Understanding Shyness

Health, Stress, and Coping: Health Psychology

Health, Stress, and Coping: Stress, Frustration, and Conflict

Health, Stress, and Coping: Defenses, Helplessness, and Depression

Health, Stress, and Coping: Stress and Health

Psychology in Action: Stress Management

Psychological Disorders: Normality and Psychopathology

Parents report dramatic improvements in their children's behavior (that is,a decrease in negative attentionseeking) when they

You go through a series of steps in making a sixtier wedding cake with the "oohs" and "ahhs" of the wedding guests and your payment being the reinforcement for the numerous steps you completed in this example of __________.