Exam 1: Section 3: Introduction and Research Methods

Harvard University refused to award Mary Whiton Calkins her Ph.D. in psychology because she was a woman and at that time, Harvard was not a coeducational institution.

If a student is enrolled in a psychology class, then it is unnecessary to obtain an informed consent from the person if he or she is taking part in an experiment that is a requirement of the class.

The use of deception in psychology experiments has been banned by the American Psychological Association since the 1960s.

The first major school of thought in psychology was called structuralism.

Pseudoscientists often claim that the responsibility for proving or disproving the validity of their claims rests with the skeptics, not with them.

John B. Watson believed that conscious processes were worthy of study for psychology and promoted the use of introspection as a technique for studying such processes.

Brain-imaging techniques, such as PET scans, MRI, and fMRI, provide extremely accurate and detailed images of the brain and have virtually no known limitations.

A hypothesis is to a question as a theory is to a model.

According to the text, among psychologists who recently received their doctorate, most chose "clinical psychology" as their specialty area.

If a finding is statistically significant, it is likely that the result is due to chance.

Harvard University awarded Mary Whiton Calkins her Ph.D., but only after William James intervened on her behalf.

Ethnocentrism is the use of our own culture as the standard for judging other cultures.

Whereas structuralists were concerned with the study of conscious experiences, functionalists abandoned the study of conscious experiences, favoring the study of overt measurable behavior.

According to proponents of evolutionary psychology organisms that inherit characteristics that increase their chances of survival in their particular habitat are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their characteristics to their offspring.

Psychologists can control every aspect of the animals' environment and even their genetic background, and therefore they can exercise greater control over animal subjects than over human subjects.

The confirmation bias refers to the empirical or scientific evidence that is used to confirm or support pseudoscientific claims.

Cognitive psychologists primarily investigate the social, psychological, and physical changes that occur at different ages and stages of the lifespan.

Positive psychology focuses on developing therapeutic techniques that increase personal well-being rather than just alleviating the troubling symptoms of psychological disorders.

Both the functionalists and the structuralists thought that psychology should focus on the study of conscious experiences.

Educational psychology is a specialty area that investigates research focused on basic psychological topics such as sensory and perceptual processes, learning, emotion, and motivation.