Exam 1: Section 3: Introduction and Research Methods

Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that dogs could learn to associate a neutral stimulus, such as the sound of a bell, with an automatic response, such as reflexively salivating to food.

Pseudosciences often mention well-known scientific facts to add credibility to their unsupported claims.

Abraham Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth.

In science the responsibility for proving the validity of a claim rests with those making the claim.

For survey results to apply to a particular group, every person within that group must respond to the survey questionnaire.

Psychoanalysis emphasized the role of early childhood experiences and unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality.

Cross-cultural psychologists have found that Chinese individuals worked harder on a task when they were alone compared to when they worked in groups.

The school of thought in psychology called structuralism held that even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into elemental structures, or component parts, of sensations and feelings.

In one natural experiment investigating weight gain during the first year of college, it was found that male students who were assigned to dormitories with on-site dining facilities gained more weight and exercised less than students who were assigned to dormitories without food services.

Compared to a correlation of -.60, a correlation of +.60 represents a relationship between two factors that is twice as strong.

In compelling experimental demonstrations B. F. Skinner systematically used reinforcement or punishment to shape the behavior of rats and pigeons.

Wilhelm Wundt wrote a landmark textbook titled Principles of Physiological Psychology in the 1870s and promoted his belief that psychology should be established as a separate scientific discipline.

The emergence of the cognitive perspective in psychology in the 1960s represented a return to psychology's historical roots by focusing on how mental processes influence behavior.

"Informed consent" in a psychology experiment means that the psychologist must inform the participants of the purpose of the research and explain that they are free to decline to participate or to withdraw from the research at any time.

The development of the first computers in the 1950s was a contributing factor to the cognitive revolution in psychology.

A pseudoscience is a theory, method, or practice that promotes claims in ways that appear to be scientific even though supporting empirical evidence is lacking or nonexistent.

The experimental group (or experimental condition) is the group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, including the independent variable or treatment variable.

In a double-blind experiment, participants are both blindfolded and placed in a sound-proof chamber.

Proponents of pseudoscience frequently use scientific jargon without scientific substance to promote their claims.

Psychological and biographical records, neurological and medical records, and even school or work records may be examined in a case study.