Question 1

Which of these describes how the intensity of a CR changes during the acquisition phase of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) starts low, rises rapidly, then decreases sharply 
B) starts low, rises rapidly, then tapers off 
C) starts low, rises slowly, then decreases sharply 
D) starts high, decreases sharply, then tapers off 
A) starts low, rises rapidly, then decreases sharply 
B) starts low, rises rapidly, then tapers off 
C) starts low, rises slowly, then decreases sharply 
D) starts high, decreases sharply, then tapers off

Question 2

Dolphins are trained to do amazing tricks MOST likely through a process called:

Accepted Answer

A) shaping. 
B) habituation. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) trial and error. 
A) shaping. 
B) habituation. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) trial and error.

Question 3

A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether or not it will be repeated is called _____ conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A) observational 
B) evolutionary 
C) operant 
D) classical 
A) observational 
B) evolutionary 
C) operant 
D) classical

Question 4

Extinction in operant conditioning involves:

Accepted Answer

A) presenting the reinforcer when the behavior does not occur. 
B) no longer presenting the reinforcer when the response occurs. 
C) repeatedly presenting the CS without the US. 
D) not presenting the discriminative stimulus, which signals the opportunity to respond. 
A) presenting the reinforcer when the behavior does not occur. 
B) no longer presenting the reinforcer when the response occurs. 
C) repeatedly presenting the CS without the US. 
D) not presenting the discriminative stimulus, which signals the opportunity to respond.

Question 5

Booker has a really bad headache, so he takes a new painkiller. The drug works wonderfully to relieve his headache. The next time Booker has a headache, he definitely will take that drug. Booker's behavior of taking the new drug has been:

Accepted Answer

A) positively reinforced. 
B) negatively reinforced. 
C) positively punished. 
D) negatively punished. 
A) positively reinforced. 
B) negatively reinforced. 
C) positively punished. 
D) negatively punished.

Question 6

The special case of presenting reinforcement after each response is called _____ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) intermittent 
B) immediate 
C) variable 
D) continuous 
A) intermittent 
B) immediate 
C) variable 
D) continuous

Question 7

Brain-imaging studies of rats given food or water have revealed increased dopaminergic activity in the _____.

Accepted Answer

A) nucleus accumbens, but only when they are hungry or thirsty 
B) nucleus accumbens, even when they are not hungry or thirsty 
C) thalamus, but only when they are hungry or thirsty 
D) thalamus, even when they are not hungry or thirsty 
A) nucleus accumbens, but only when they are hungry or thirsty 
B) nucleus accumbens, even when they are not hungry or thirsty 
C) thalamus, but only when they are hungry or thirsty 
D) thalamus, even when they are not hungry or thirsty

Question 8

The "positive" in positive reinforcement and positive punishment means that:

Accepted Answer

A) the target behavior increases in frequency. 
B) an unpleasant stimulus is removed upon the occurrence of the target behavior. 
C) a stimulus is presented upon the occurrence of the target behavior. 
D) the target behavior increases or decreases to adaptive levels. 
A) the target behavior increases in frequency. 
B) an unpleasant stimulus is removed upon the occurrence of the target behavior. 
C) a stimulus is presented upon the occurrence of the target behavior. 
D) the target behavior increases or decreases to adaptive levels.

Question 9

If children observe their older brothers fighting in the neighborhood, Bandura would suggest that the younger siblings would:

Accepted Answer

A) likely behave aggressively, too. 
B) learn that aggressive behavior is not always effective. 
C) imitate the victims of their brothers' aggressive behavior. 
D) decrease their aggressive behavior when their brothers were nearby. 
A) likely behave aggressively, too. 
B) learn that aggressive behavior is not always effective. 
C) imitate the victims of their brothers' aggressive behavior. 
D) decrease their aggressive behavior when their brothers were nearby.

Question 10

Skinner's approach to the study of learning focused on _____ and _____.

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcement; reward 
B) reinforcement; punishment 
C) punishment; escape 
D) the mind; behavior 
A) reinforcement; reward 
B) reinforcement; punishment 
C) punishment; escape 
D) the mind; behavior

Question 11

Rescorla and Wagner theorized that a stimulus will only become a CS when it is _____ the US.

Accepted Answer

A) similar to 
B) sometimes paired with 
C) a reliable indicator of 
D) perceived as 
A) similar to 
B) sometimes paired with 
C) a reliable indicator of 
D) perceived as

Question 12

A parrot identified a new fruit that was good to eat. After watching the parrot eat the fruit, the other parrots in the flock also began eating the fruit. The behavior of the flock illustrates:

Accepted Answer

A) operant conditioning. 
B) latent learning. 
C) observational learning. 
D) positive reinforcement. 
A) operant conditioning. 
B) latent learning. 
C) observational learning. 
D) positive reinforcement.

Question 13

The radio DJ says "Sometime this hour, I'll be giving away a pair of tickets to the Jonas Brothers concert to one lucky caller." This is an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

A) fixed interval 
B) variable interval 
C) fixed ratio 
D) variable ratio 
A) fixed interval 
B) variable interval 
C) fixed ratio 
D) variable ratio

Question 14

The presence of a drug-related conditioned compensatory response produces:

Accepted Answer

A) tolerance. 
B) a natural high. 
C) intoxication. 
D) an overdose. 
A) tolerance. 
B) a natural high. 
C) intoxication. 
D) an overdose.

Question 15

In Pavlov's experiments on second-order conditioning, dogs were conditioned to salivate at the sight of a black square by:

Accepted Answer

A) pairing it with a tone that previously had been associated with food. 
B) rewarding the dog with food when it salivated in the presence of the black square. 
C) presenting food first and then following it with the black square. 
D) pairing it with an unconditioned stimulus. 
A) pairing it with a tone that previously had been associated with food. 
B) rewarding the dog with food when it salivated in the presence of the black square. 
C) presenting food first and then following it with the black square. 
D) pairing it with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 16

A reaction that usually resembles the unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus is termed a(n) _____ response.

Accepted Answer

A) sensitized 
B) habituated 
C) conditioned 
D) reinforcing 
A) sensitized 
B) habituated 
C) conditioned 
D) reinforcing

Question 17

_____ conducted the Bobo doll study of observational learning.

Accepted Answer

A) Tolman 
B) Bandura 
C) Flynn 
D) Skinner 
A) Tolman 
B) Bandura 
C) Flynn 
D) Skinner

Question 18

Which school of psychology is MOST associated with pioneering research on learning?

Accepted Answer

A) functionalism 
B) evolutionary psychology 
C) cognitive psychology 
D) behaviorism 
A) functionalism 
B) evolutionary psychology 
C) cognitive psychology 
D) behaviorism

Question 19

An animal trainer is conditioning an elephant to startle at the sound of a trombone. Every time she plays the trombone, she then shows the elephant a mouse, which startles the elephant. Eventually the elephant startles at just the sound of the trombone. However, after playing the trombone 10 more times, without a mouse appearing, the elephant exhibits no response. The result is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) generalization. 
B) spontaneous recovery. 
C) acquisition. 
D) extinction. 
A) generalization. 
B) spontaneous recovery. 
C) acquisition. 
D) extinction.

Question 20

Which term in the three-term contingency refers to the context in which behavior occurs?

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcer 
B) generalization 
C) discriminative stimulus 
D) extinction 
A) reinforcer 
B) generalization 
C) discriminative stimulus 
D) extinction

Exam 7: Section 2: Learning

Which of these describes how the intensity of a CR changes during the acquisition phase of classical conditioning?

Dolphins are trained to do amazing tricks MOST likely through a process called:

A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether or not it will be repeated is called _____ conditioning.

Extinction in operant conditioning involves:

Booker has a really bad headache, so he takes a new painkiller. The drug works wonderfully to relieve his headache. The next time Booker has a headache, he definitely will take that drug. Booker's behavior of taking the new drug has been:

The special case of presenting reinforcement after each response is called _____ reinforcement.

Brain-imaging studies of rats given food or water have revealed increased dopaminergic activity in the _____.

The "positive" in positive reinforcement and positive punishment means that:

If children observe their older brothers fighting in the neighborhood, Bandura would suggest that the younger siblings would:

Skinner's approach to the study of learning focused on _____ and _____.

Rescorla and Wagner theorized that a stimulus will only become a CS when it is _____ the US.

A parrot identified a new fruit that was good to eat. After watching the parrot eat the fruit, the other parrots in the flock also began eating the fruit. The behavior of the flock illustrates:

The radio DJ says "Sometime this hour, I'll be giving away a pair of tickets to the Jonas Brothers concert to one lucky caller." This is an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?

The presence of a drug-related conditioned compensatory response produces:

In Pavlov's experiments on second-order conditioning, dogs were conditioned to salivate at the sight of a black square by:

A reaction that usually resembles the unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus is termed a(n) _____ response.

_____ conducted the Bobo doll study of observational learning.

Which school of psychology is MOST associated with pioneering research on learning?

Which term in the three-term contingency refers to the context in which behavior occurs?

Section 1: Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Section 2: Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Section 3: Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Section 4 : Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Section 5: Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Section 6 : Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Section 1: Methods in Psychology

Section 2: Methods in Psychology

Section 3: Methods in Psychology

Section 4: Methods in Psychology

Section 5: Methods in Psychology

Section 6: Methods in Psychology

Section 1: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 2: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 3: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 4: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 5: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 6: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 1 : Sensation and Perception

Section 2: Sensation and Perception

Section 3: Sensation and Perception

Section 4: Sensation and Perception

Section 5: Sensation and Perception

Section 6: Sensation and Perception

Section 1: Consciousness

Section 2: Consciousness

Section 3: Consciousness

Section 4: Consciousness

Section 5: Consciousness

Section 6: Consciousness

Section 1: Memory

Section 2: Memory

Section 3: Memory

Section 4: Memory

Section 5: Memory

Section 6: Memory

Section 1: Learning

Section 3: Learning

Section 4: Learning

Section 5 : Learning

Section 6: Learning

Section 1: Emotion and Motivation

Section 2: Emotion and Motivation

Section 3: Emotion and Motivation

Section 4: Emotion and Motivation

Section 5: Emotion and Motivation

Section 6: Emotion and Motivation

Section 1: Language and Thought

Section 2: Language and Thought

Section 3: Language and Thought

Section 4: Language and Thought

Section 5: Language and Thought

Section 6: Language and Thought

Section 1: Intelligence

Section 2: Intelligence

Section 3: Intelligence

Section 4 : Intelligence

Section 5: Intelligence

Section 6 : Intelligence

Section 1: Development

Skinner's approach to the study of learning focused on _ and _.