Question 1

Which of these is NOT part of Skinner's three-term contingency?

Accepted Answer

A) discriminative stimulus 
B) expectancy 
C) response 
D) reinforcer 
A) discriminative stimulus 
B) expectancy 
C) response 
D) reinforcer

Question 2

Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to a particular tone but not to other similar tones and buzzers. This process is called:

Accepted Answer

A) sensitization. 
B) discrimination. 
C) extinction. 
D) habituation. 
A) sensitization. 
B) discrimination. 
C) extinction. 
D) habituation.

Question 3

The neurons in the pleasure centers of the brain, especially those in the nucleus accumbens, secrete _____, a neurotransmitter usually associated with positive emotions.

Accepted Answer

A) serotonin 
B) epinephrine 
C) norepinephrine 
D) dopamine 
A) serotonin 
B) epinephrine 
C) norepinephrine 
D) dopamine

Question 4

Tammy ate raw oysters for the first time and, four hours later, became extremely sick to her stomach. Now, the smell of oysters makes her stomach queasy. What is the UR?

Accepted Answer

A) the smell of the oysters 
B) eating oysters 
C) a bacterium or other toxin 
D) stomach sickness 
A) the smell of the oysters 
B) eating oysters 
C) a bacterium or other toxin 
D) stomach sickness

Question 5

When a drug of abuse such as heroin is injected, the entire setting (the drug paraphernalia, the room, the lighting, etc.) can become a _____ and elicit responses _____ to the drug.

Accepted Answer

A) US; similar 
B) US; in opposition 
C) CS; similar 
D) CS; in opposition 
A) US; similar 
B) US; in opposition 
C) CS; similar 
D) CS; in opposition

Question 6

The learning process involves the _____ of new knowledge, skills, or responses as a function of _____.

Accepted Answer

A) development; time 
B) growth; maturity 
C) acquisition; experience 
D) gradual accumulation; education 
A) development; time 
B) growth; maturity 
C) acquisition; experience 
D) gradual accumulation; education

Question 7

When the Brelands tried to teach raccoons to drop a coin in a box by using food reinforcement for doing so, the raccoons:

Accepted Answer

A) quickly learned this task via shaping through approximations. 
B) spent an inordinate amount of time rubbing the coin between their front paws instead of dropping it into the box. 
C) tended to bury the coin in the ground and then dig it up instead of dropping it into the box. 
D) failed to learn an association between the coin and food. 
A) quickly learned this task via shaping through approximations. 
B) spent an inordinate amount of time rubbing the coin between their front paws instead of dropping it into the box. 
C) tended to bury the coin in the ground and then dig it up instead of dropping it into the box. 
D) failed to learn an association between the coin and food.

Question 8

In people as well as in rats and other animals, the _____ is critically involved in emotional conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A) reticular formation 
B) thalamus 
C) amygdala 
D) hippocampus 
A) reticular formation 
B) thalamus 
C) amygdala 
D) hippocampus

Question 9

Tolman's views on learning differed from those of Skinner in that Tolman believed:

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcement is dependent upon the formation of stimulus-stimulus associations. 
B) a reinforcer directly strengthens the response that produces it. 
C) the environmental context can influence whether or not a behavior will occur. 
D) organisms develop means-ends expectancies as a result of operant conditioning. 
A) reinforcement is dependent upon the formation of stimulus-stimulus associations. 
B) a reinforcer directly strengthens the response that produces it. 
C) the environmental context can influence whether or not a behavior will occur. 
D) organisms develop means-ends expectancies as a result of operant conditioning.

Question 10

Rescorla and Wagner originated which theory?

Accepted Answer

A) Behavioral responses can be conditioned in animals. 
B) Classical conditioning occurs only when the animal has learned to set up an expectation. 
C) Humans, as well as animals, are capable of undergoing classical conditioning. 
D) Conditioning works more quickly when the conditioned stimulus is familiar. 
A) Behavioral responses can be conditioned in animals. 
B) Classical conditioning occurs only when the animal has learned to set up an expectation. 
C) Humans, as well as animals, are capable of undergoing classical conditioning. 
D) Conditioning works more quickly when the conditioned stimulus is familiar.

Question 11

The phase of classical conditioning in which the CS and the US are presented together is called:

Accepted Answer

A) habituation. 
B) discrimination. 
C) acquisition. 
D) generalization. 
A) habituation. 
B) discrimination. 
C) acquisition. 
D) generalization.

Question 12

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that conditioning will be easier when the:

Accepted Answer

A) CS is an unfamiliar event. 
B) CS is a familiar event. 
C) UR is predictable. 
D) UR is unpredictable. 
A) CS is an unfamiliar event. 
B) CS is a familiar event. 
C) UR is predictable. 
D) UR is unpredictable.

Question 13

Which statement is a correct description of a diffusion chain?

Accepted Answer

A) A child learns that Behaviors A, B, and C are required to be performed in exact order to obtain reinforcement. 
B) Responses learned by observation tend to be weak links in a behavior chain relative to responses acquired through reinforcement. 
C) A child learns to perform a skill via operant conditioning and can then teach the skill to another child. 
D) A child who learns a skill by observation can then serve as a model for another child to learn the skill via observation. 
A) A child learns that Behaviors A, B, and C are required to be performed in exact order to obtain reinforcement. 
B) Responses learned by observation tend to be weak links in a behavior chain relative to responses acquired through reinforcement. 
C) A child learns to perform a skill via operant conditioning and can then teach the skill to another child. 
D) A child who learns a skill by observation can then serve as a model for another child to learn the skill via observation.

Question 14

Tolman trained rats to run down a straightaway, and subsequently make several turns until finally reaching a goal box baited with food. After the rats learned this task, the maze was altered. The main straightaway was blocked. However, there were many alternate paths radiating in all directions from the start box. The goal box remained in the same location relative to the start box, and one of the alternate paths led directly to it. Tolman found that rats:

Accepted Answer

A) selected the path that led directly to the goal box, even though they had never traversed this route before. 
B) spent an inordinate amount of time clawing at the blocked main straightaway. 
C) demonstrated generalization and selected the path closest to the main straightaway. 
D) explored each path systematically, either from right to left or from left to right. 
A) selected the path that led directly to the goal box, even though they had never traversed this route before. 
B) spent an inordinate amount of time clawing at the blocked main straightaway. 
C) demonstrated generalization and selected the path closest to the main straightaway. 
D) explored each path systematically, either from right to left or from left to right.

Question 15

_____ conducted research with cats in puzzle boxes.

Accepted Answer

A) Tolman 
B) Skinner 
C) Lashley 
D) Thorndike 
A) Tolman 
B) Skinner 
C) Lashley 
D) Thorndike

Question 16

When your sister burned herself playing with matches, she cried for a long time. A by-product of this experience was that you also learned not to play with matches. This type of learning is called:

Accepted Answer

A) observational learning. 
B) classical conditioning. 
C) operant conditioning. 
D) intermittent reinforcement. 
A) observational learning. 
B) classical conditioning. 
C) operant conditioning. 
D) intermittent reinforcement.

Question 17

Positive reinforcers _____ and negative reinforcers _____ the future probability of the behavior that led to these respective consequences.

Accepted Answer

A) increase; increase 
B) increase; decrease 
C) decrease; decrease 
D) decrease; increase 
A) increase; increase 
B) increase; decrease 
C) decrease; decrease 
D) decrease; increase

Question 18

Which of these is NOT an essential feature of learning?

Accepted Answer

A) It is based on experience. 
B) It requires language. 
C) It produces changes in the learner. 
D) It produces changes that are relatively permanent. 
A) It is based on experience. 
B) It requires language. 
C) It produces changes in the learner. 
D) It produces changes that are relatively permanent.

Question 19

Behavior is under _____ control when a particular response only occurs in a certain context.

Accepted Answer

A) specific 
B) stimulus 
C) conditioned 
D) contingency 
A) specific 
B) stimulus 
C) conditioned 
D) contingency

Question 20

Billy Bob's Big Burger Barn is your favorite restaurant, and lately you've noticed that every time you walk by there on your way to class, your mouth starts to salivate. In this incidence of classical conditioning, the sight of the restaurant is the _____; your salivation is the _____.

Accepted Answer

A) US; UR 
B) CS; CR 
C) CS; UR 
D) US; CR 
A) US; UR 
B) CS; CR 
C) CS; UR 
D) US; CR

Exam 7: Section 2: Learning

Which of these is NOT part of Skinner's three-term contingency?

Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to a particular tone but not to other similar tones and buzzers. This process is called:

The neurons in the pleasure centers of the brain, especially those in the nucleus accumbens, secrete _____, a neurotransmitter usually associated with positive emotions.

Tammy ate raw oysters for the first time and, four hours later, became extremely sick to her stomach. Now, the smell of oysters makes her stomach queasy. What is the UR?

When a drug of abuse such as heroin is injected, the entire setting (the drug paraphernalia, the room, the lighting, etc.) can become a _____ and elicit responses _____ to the drug.

The learning process involves the _____ of new knowledge, skills, or responses as a function of _____.

When the Brelands tried to teach raccoons to drop a coin in a box by using food reinforcement for doing so, the raccoons:

In people as well as in rats and other animals, the _____ is critically involved in emotional conditioning.

Tolman's views on learning differed from those of Skinner in that Tolman believed:

Rescorla and Wagner originated which theory?

The phase of classical conditioning in which the CS and the US are presented together is called:

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that conditioning will be easier when the:

Which statement is a correct description of a diffusion chain?

_____ conducted research with cats in puzzle boxes.

When your sister burned herself playing with matches, she cried for a long time. A by-product of this experience was that you also learned not to play with matches. This type of learning is called:

Positive reinforcers _____ and negative reinforcers _____ the future probability of the behavior that led to these respective consequences.

Which of these is NOT an essential feature of learning?

Behavior is under _____ control when a particular response only occurs in a certain context.

Billy Bob's Big Burger Barn is your favorite restaurant, and lately you've noticed that every time you walk by there on your way to class, your mouth starts to salivate. In this incidence of classical conditioning, the sight of the restaurant is the _____; your salivation is the _____.

Section 1: Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Section 2: Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Section 3: Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Section 4 : Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Section 5: Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Section 6 : Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Section 1: Methods in Psychology

Section 2: Methods in Psychology

Section 3: Methods in Psychology

Section 4: Methods in Psychology

Section 5: Methods in Psychology

Section 6: Methods in Psychology

Section 1: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 2: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 3: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 4: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 5: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 6: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 1 : Sensation and Perception

Section 2: Sensation and Perception

Section 3: Sensation and Perception

Section 4: Sensation and Perception

Section 5: Sensation and Perception

Section 6: Sensation and Perception

Section 1: Consciousness

Section 2: Consciousness

Section 3: Consciousness

Section 4: Consciousness

Section 5: Consciousness

Section 6: Consciousness

Section 1: Memory

Section 2: Memory

Section 3: Memory

Section 4: Memory

Section 5: Memory

Section 6: Memory

Section 1: Learning

Section 3: Learning

Section 4: Learning

Section 5 : Learning

Section 6: Learning

Section 1: Emotion and Motivation

Section 2: Emotion and Motivation

Section 3: Emotion and Motivation

Section 4: Emotion and Motivation

Section 5: Emotion and Motivation

Section 6: Emotion and Motivation

Section 1: Language and Thought

Section 2: Language and Thought

Section 3: Language and Thought

Section 4: Language and Thought

Section 5: Language and Thought

Section 6: Language and Thought

Section 1: Intelligence

Section 2: Intelligence

Section 3: Intelligence

Section 4 : Intelligence

Section 5: Intelligence

Section 6 : Intelligence

Section 1: Development

When a drug of abuse such as heroin is injected, the entire setting (the drug paraphernalia, the room, the lighting, etc.) can become a _ and elicit responses _ to the drug.

The learning process involves the _ of new knowledge, skills, or responses as a function of _.

Positive reinforcers _ and negative reinforcers _ the future probability of the behavior that led to these respective consequences.

Billy Bob's Big Burger Barn is your favorite restaurant, and lately you've noticed that every time you walk by there on your way to class, your mouth starts to salivate. In this incidence of classical conditioning, the sight of the restaurant is the _; your salivation is the _.