Exam 7: A: Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills

In means-ends analysis, a person determines the difference between the current and desired situations, then does something to reduce the difference.

Young children often believe (unrealistically) that they can solve a problem by boldly forging ahead without an explicit plan.

Even after they were given a reminder, babies did not remember that kicking would make a crib mobile move.

A script is a memory structure that describes a sequence in which events occur.

Sentence context can speed word recognition.

Preschool children use simple memory strategies such as looking at or touching objects that they have been told to remember.

Experience or knowledge that contradicts a script can distort one's memory for the event or knowledge.

Teaching letter names and sounds while reading to a child does not promote phonological awareness.

Word recognition and comprehension are two important processes involved in reading.

As a general rule, as children get older, they solve problems more often and more effectively.

Unlike children's, adults' mental representations are complete.

Preschoolers in the Sam Stone studies were most likely to be misled when they were exposed to a stereotype about Sam and were questioned using suggestive questions.

After the number nine, learning number names becomes easier.

As children develop, they learn more about how memory operates and they devise theories about memory.

Parents and older peers often scaffold children's problem solving, providing structure and direction that allow younger children to accomplish more than they could alone.

Younger children usually use a knowledge-transforming strategy when writing.

Even preschool children use means-ends analysis to solve problems.

For young children, the mechanical demands of printing letters often interferes with the quality of their writing.

The one-to-one principle states that the last number name denotes the number of objects being counted.

Young children can't plan, even if they are asked to and the problem is not too complex.