Question 1

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the

Accepted Answer

A)  loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries. 
B)  development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls. 
C)  loss of fluid from capillaries. 
D)  increased diffusion of CO2. 
E)  increased diffusion of Hb. 
A)  loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries. 
B)  development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls. 
C)  loss of fluid from capillaries. 
D)  increased diffusion of CO2. 
E)  increased diffusion of Hb.

Question 2

In a healthy human, the typical life span of a red blood cell is

Accepted Answer

A)  24 hours. 
B)  1 week. 
C)  1 month. 
D)  4 months. 
E)  80 years or more. 
A)  24 hours. 
B)  1 week. 
C)  1 month. 
D)  4 months. 
E)  80 years or more.

Question 3

Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas exchange surface because

Accepted Answer

A)  they are too large for a circulatory system to operate well. 
B)  they live without need for oxygen. 
C)  they do not produce carbon dioxide. 
D)  countercurrent exchange mechanisms cannot function well in their living conditions. 
E)  nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment. 
A)  they are too large for a circulatory system to operate well. 
B)  they live without need for oxygen. 
C)  they do not produce carbon dioxide. 
D)  countercurrent exchange mechanisms cannot function well in their living conditions. 
E)  nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment.

Question 4

Which of the following would increase the amount of oxygen undergoing net diffusion from the lungs into the blood?

Accepted Answer

A)  increasing the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin 
B)  increasing the water vapor content of air in the lungs 
C)  increasing the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood 
D)  decreasing the red blood cell count of the blood 
E)  decreasing the partial pressure of oxygen in the lung 
A)  increasing the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin 
B)  increasing the water vapor content of air in the lungs 
C)  increasing the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood 
D)  decreasing the red blood cell count of the blood 
E)  decreasing the partial pressure of oxygen in the lung

Question 5

The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is

Accepted Answer

A)  the arteries. 
B)  the arterioles. 
C)  the metarterioles. 
D)  the capillaries. 
E)  the veins. 
A)  the arteries. 
B)  the arterioles. 
C)  the metarterioles. 
D)  the capillaries. 
E)  the veins.

Question 6

What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed?

Accepted Answer

A)  more fluid entering the venous capillaries 
B)  an increase in the blood pressure in the capillary bed 
C)  the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas 
D)  fewer proteins leaking out of the blood to enter the interstitial fluid 
E)  the area of the blockage becoming abnormally small 
A)  more fluid entering the venous capillaries 
B)  an increase in the blood pressure in the capillary bed 
C)  the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas 
D)  fewer proteins leaking out of the blood to enter the interstitial fluid 
E)  the area of the blockage becoming abnormally small

Question 7

The material present in arterioles that is not present in capillaries is

Accepted Answer

A)  fully oxygenated blood. 
B)  plasma in which carbon dioxide has been added. 
C)  a lining of endothelial cells. 
D)  circular smooth muscle cells that can alter the size of the arterioles. 
E)  white blood cells and platelets. 
A)  fully oxygenated blood. 
B)  plasma in which carbon dioxide has been added. 
C)  a lining of endothelial cells. 
D)  circular smooth muscle cells that can alter the size of the arterioles. 
E)  white blood cells and platelets.

Question 8

The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot is

Accepted Answer

A)  chymotrypsin. 
B)  fibrin. 
C)  thrombin. 
D)  prothrombin. 
E)  collagen. 
A)  chymotrypsin. 
B)  fibrin. 
C)  thrombin. 
D)  prothrombin. 
E)  collagen.

Question 9

Of the following choices, impairment of a mammal's breathing cycle is most likely following neural damage in

Accepted Answer

A)  the cerebrum and cerebellum. 
B)  the medulla oblongata and the pons. 
C)  the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex. 
D)  the thalamus and the hypothalamus. 
E)  the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe. 
A)  the cerebrum and cerebellum. 
B)  the medulla oblongata and the pons. 
C)  the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex. 
D)  the thalamus and the hypothalamus. 
E)  the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe.

Question 10

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

Accepted Answer

A)  vena cava. 
B)  left atrium. 
C)  right atrium. 
D)  left ventricle. 
E)  right ventricle. 
A)  vena cava. 
B)  left atrium. 
C)  right atrium. 
D)  left ventricle. 
E)  right ventricle.

Question 11

Circulatory systems compensate for

Accepted Answer

A)  temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue. 
B)  the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances. 
C)  the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system. 
D)  the need to cushion animals from trauma. 
E)  the need fetal organisms have for maintaining an optimal body temperature. 
A)  temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue. 
B)  the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances. 
C)  the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system. 
D)  the need to cushion animals from trauma. 
E)  the need fetal organisms have for maintaining an optimal body temperature.

Question 12

A group of students was designing an experiment to test the effect of smoking on grass frogs. They hypothesized that keeping the frogs in a smoke-filled environment for defined periods would result in the animals developing lung cancer. However, when they searched for previously published information to shore up their hypothesis, they discovered they were quite wrong in their original assessment. Even though they were never going to go ahead with their experiment (so as not to harm frogs needlessly), they knew that a more likely outcome of putting carcinogens in the air would be the development of

Accepted Answer

A)  the amphibian equivalent of hypertension. 
B)  skin cancer. 
C)  gill abnormalities in the next generation of tadpoles. 
D)  tracheal tube abnormalities. 
E)  diminished absorption of oxygen. 
A)  the amphibian equivalent of hypertension. 
B)  skin cancer. 
C)  gill abnormalities in the next generation of tadpoles. 
D)  tracheal tube abnormalities. 
E)  diminished absorption of oxygen.

Question 13

Dialysis is the process of filtering the blood; it is performed when kidney functionality is below normal. During dialysis, plasma and its proteins are separated from the cells. Dialysis patients, who will have blood withdrawn, dialyzed, and then replaced, are always weighed when they enter the facility and then weighed carefully again before they leave, because

Accepted Answer

A)  even small changes in body weight may signify changes in blood volume and therefore blood pressure. 
B)  many people who have dialysis are diabetic and must control their weight carefully. 
C)  dialysis removes blood proteins, and these weigh more than other blood components. 
D)  dialysis is likely to cause edema, and such swelling must be controlled. 
E)  reclining posture during dialysis can cause a tendency for weight gain. 
A)  even small changes in body weight may signify changes in blood volume and therefore blood pressure. 
B)  many people who have dialysis are diabetic and must control their weight carefully. 
C)  dialysis removes blood proteins, and these weigh more than other blood components. 
D)  dialysis is likely to cause edema, and such swelling must be controlled. 
E)  reclining posture during dialysis can cause a tendency for weight gain.

Question 14

The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells and the organ where this hormone is synthesized are

Accepted Answer

A)  growth hormone and pancreas, respectively. 
B)  erythropoietin and kidney, respectively. 
C)  cortisol and adrenal gland, respectively. 
D)  epinephrine and adrenal gland, respectively. 
E)  acetylcholine and bone marrow, respectively. 
A)  growth hormone and pancreas, respectively. 
B)  erythropoietin and kidney, respectively. 
C)  cortisol and adrenal gland, respectively. 
D)  epinephrine and adrenal gland, respectively. 
E)  acetylcholine and bone marrow, respectively.

Question 15

The hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differs from the hemoglobin of mammals in that

Accepted Answer

A)  the oxygen dissociation curve for hemocyanin is linear. 
B)  hemocyanin carries appreciably more carbon dioxide. 
C)  hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron. 
D)  the protein of hemocyanin is not bound to metal. 
E)  hemocyanin includes cyanic acid. 
A)  the oxygen dissociation curve for hemocyanin is linear. 
B)  hemocyanin carries appreciably more carbon dioxide. 
C)  hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron. 
D)  the protein of hemocyanin is not bound to metal. 
E)  hemocyanin includes cyanic acid.

Question 16

When the air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10% and its overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then PO2 is

Accepted Answer

A)  400 mm Hg. 
B)  82 mm Hg. 
C)  40 mm Hg. 
D)  21 mm Hg. 
E)  4 mm Hg. 
A)  400 mm Hg. 
B)  82 mm Hg. 
C)  40 mm Hg. 
D)  21 mm Hg. 
E)  4 mm Hg.

Question 17

In an animal species known for endurance running rather than fast sprinting, you would expect to find

Accepted Answer

A)  a slower rate of oxygen consumption so that its breathing will not have to be accelerated. 
B)  a decrease in myoglobin concentration in the muscles. 
C)  a relatively slow heart rate in order to lower oxygen consumption. 
D)  a lower pressure of oxygen in the alveoli. 
E)  a much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size. 
A)  a slower rate of oxygen consumption so that its breathing will not have to be accelerated. 
B)  a decrease in myoglobin concentration in the muscles. 
C)  a relatively slow heart rate in order to lower oxygen consumption. 
D)  a lower pressure of oxygen in the alveoli. 
E)  a much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size.

Question 18

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because

Accepted Answer

A)  the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. 
B)  the volume of the alveoli increases as smooth muscles contract. 
C)  gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. 
D)  pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. 
E)  a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes. 
A)  the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. 
B)  the volume of the alveoli increases as smooth muscles contract. 
C)  gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. 
D)  pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. 
E)  a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes.

Question 19

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  annelids 
B)  molluscs 
C)  fishes 
D)  frogs 
E)  insects 
A)  annelids 
B)  molluscs 
C)  fishes 
D)  frogs 
E)  insects

Question 20

The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is

Accepted Answer

A)  the arteries. 
B)  the arterioles. 
C)  the metarterioles. 
D)  the capillaries. 
E)  the veins. 
A)  the arteries. 
B)  the arterioles. 
C)  the metarterioles. 
D)  the capillaries. 
E)  the veins.

Exam 34: Circulation and Gas Exchange

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the

In a healthy human, the typical life span of a red blood cell is

Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas exchange surface because

Which of the following would increase the amount of oxygen undergoing net diffusion from the lungs into the blood?

The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is

What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed?

The material present in arterioles that is not present in capillaries is

The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot is

Of the following choices, impairment of a mammal's breathing cycle is most likely following neural damage in

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

Circulatory systems compensate for

The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells and the organ where this hormone is synthesized are

The hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differs from the hemoglobin of mammals in that

When the air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10% and its overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then PO2 is

In an animal species known for endurance running rather than fast sprinting, you would expect to find

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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