Exam 26: The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

If humans had been present to build house structures during the Carboniferous period,which plant types would have been possible building materials?

At which location should one find the lowest concentration of fungal enzymes,assuming that the enzymes do not diffuse far from their source and that no other fungi are present in this habitat?

Please use the following information to answer the questions below. The cycads,a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms,evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the age of the dinosaurs.Though their sperm are flagellated,their ovules are pollinated by beetles.These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen)and shelter from microsporophylls (leaflike structures that contain microsporangia).Upon visiting megasporophylls (leaflike structures where megaspores are formed),the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules.In cycads,pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants.Cycads synthesize neurotoxins,especially in the seeds,that are effective against most animals,including humans. -Which feature of cycads makes them similar to many angiosperms? 1)They have exposed ovules. 2)They have flagellated sperm. 3)They are pollinated by animals.

What is thought to be the correct sequence of the following events during the Carboniferous period? 1)Vascular plants become more prevalent. 2)Megaphylls with large surface areas become more prevalent. 3)Atmospheric CO₂ levels decline dramatically. 4)Global cooling occurs,leading to widespread glaciations.

Evidence indicates that plants increase the number of stomata in their leaves as atmospheric CO₂ levels decline.Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area should have the effect of doing which of the following? 1)increasing dehydration of leaf tissues 2)decreasing dehydration of leaf tissues 3)countering the effect of declining CO₂ on photosynthesis 4)reinforcing the effect of declining CO₂ on photosynthesis 5)decreasing the O₂ content of air next to the leaves lower than it would otherwise be 6)increasing the O₂ content of air next to the leaves higher than it would otherwise be

Please use the following information to answer the questions below. Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete Neurospora crassa contain 14 chromosomes.A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis,followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis,producing a total of eight ascospores. -If a single,diploid G₂ nucleus in an ascus contains 400 nanograms (ng)of DNA,then a single ascospore nucleus of this species should contain how much DNA (ng),carried on how many chromosomes?

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest.After observing its anatomy and life cycle,he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm,xylem with tracheids,separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant,and no seeds.This plant is probably most closely related to

Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?

The fruit of the mistletoe,a parasitic angiosperm,is a one-seeded berry.In members of the genus Viscum,the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky),which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces,such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds.What should be expected of the fruit if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues?

Suppose that the cells of seed plants,like the skin cells of humans,produce a pigment upon increased exposure to UV radiation.Rank the following cells,from greatest to least,in terms of the likelihood of producing this pigment. 1)cells of sporangium 2)cells in the interior of a subterranean root 3)epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls 4)cells of a gametophyte

Orchid bees are to Brazil nut trees as ________ are to pine trees.

Meiosis,as part of the alternation of generations in land plants,produces

Arrange the following structures,which can be found on male pine trees,from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1)sporophyte 2)microspores 3)microsporangia 4)pollen cone 5)pollen nuclei

Please use the following information to answer the questions below. Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert where rainfall averages about 10 inches per year.Yet when hiking in this bone-dry desert,it is not uncommon to encounter mosses and ferns.One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant,nor does it produce seeds.Under arid conditions,its leaflike structures curl up.However,when it rains,it unfurls its leaves,which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor.Consequently,it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." -Upon closer inspection of the leaves of flower of stone,one can observe tiny,cone-like structures.Each cone-like structure emits spores of two different sizes.Further investigation also reveals that the roots of flower of stone branch only at the growing tip of the root,forming a Y-shaped structure.Consequently,flower of stone should be expected to possess which other characteristics? 1)a gametophyte generation that is dominant 2)lignified vascular tissues 3)microphylls 4)spores that are diploid when mature

On a field trip,a student in a marine biology class collects an organism that has differentiated organs,cell walls of cellulose,and chloroplasts with chlorophyll a.Based on this description,the organism could be a brown alga,a red alga,a green alga,a charophyte recently washed into the ocean from a freshwater or brackish water source,or a land plant washed into the ocean.The presence of which of the following features would definitively identify this organism as a land plant?

When adult amphibian skin harbors populations of the bacterium Janthinobacterium lividum (Jl),chytrid infection seems to be inhibited.Which of the following represents the best experimental design for conclusively determining whether this inhibition is real?

The microsporidian Brachiola gambiae parasitizes the mosquito Anopheles gambiae.Adult female mosquitoes must take blood meals in order for their eggs to develop,and it is while they take blood that they transmit malarial parasites to humans.Male mosquitoes drink flower nectar.If humans are to safely and effectively use Brachiola gambiae as a biological control to reduce human deaths from malaria,then how many of the following statements should be true? 1)Brachiola should kill the mosquitoes before the malarial parasite they carry reaches maturity. 2)Brachiola must be harmful to male mosquitoes but not to female mosquitoes. 3)Microsporidians should infect mosquito larvae rather than mosquito adults. 4)The subsequent decline in Anopheles gambiae should not significantly disrupt human food resources or other food webs.

What do fungi and arthropods have in common?

Which of the following cellular structures is functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms?

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?