Question 1

In prokaryotes, the DNA molecule that makes up a chromosome is ____ and has ____ replication origin. ​

Accepted Answer

A) circular; one ​ 
B) circular; more than one 
C) linear; more than one 
D) linear; one 
E) linear; no 
A) circular; one ​ 
B) circular; more than one 
C) linear; more than one 
D) linear; one 
E) linear; no

Question 2

Suppose that you performed a version of the Hershey and Chase experiment, this time using 32P-labeled viruses that insert their double stranded DNA into the DNA of the cells that they infect. The viral DNA is then treated as part of the cell's own DNA and is replicated during DNA replication and passed onto daughter cells when the cell divides. You infect a population of cells with the 32P-labeled viruses, and then let the infected cells go through two generations of cell divisions. If you then examine the cells, you should find 32P-labeled DNA in ____ of the cells.

Accepted Answer

A) none 
B) about 1/4 
C) about 1/2 
D) about 3/4 
E) all 
A) none 
B) about 1/4 
C) about 1/2 
D) about 3/4 
E) all

Question 3

Nucleic acids are long chains of ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) amino acids ​ 
B) lipids 
C) nucleotides 
D) sugars 
E) peptides 
A) amino acids ​ 
B) lipids 
C) nucleotides 
D) sugars 
E) peptides

Question 4

Match between columns
                        Premises: helicase

Accepted Answer

The Answer of D and A and E and C is...

Question 5

Match between columns
                        Premises: Showed that a transforming principle from heat-killed S strain Streptococcus pneumoniae could be used to make the R strain virulent

Accepted Answer

The Answer of Meselson and Stahl and Avery, MacLeod, and is...

Question 6

Match between columns
                        Premises: Relieves over-winding of DNA ahead of the replication fork

Accepted Answer

The Answer of helicase and sliding clamp and topoisomerase and is...

Question 7

Purines and pyrimidines are ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) Okazaki fragments ​ 
B) pentose-phosphate backbones 
C) nucleic acids 
D) phosphate bases 
E) nitrogenous bases 
A) Okazaki fragments ​ 
B) pentose-phosphate backbones 
C) nucleic acids 
D) phosphate bases 
E) nitrogenous bases

Question 8

The structure of the sliding clamp is ____ in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, which likely indicates that ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) largely variable; the function of the sliding clamp is different in these organisms ​ 
B) largely variable; the function of the sliding clamp is similar in bacteria and archaea but different in eukaryotes 
C) highly conserved; the sliding clamp is involved in different processes depending on the organism 
D) highly conserved; the function of the sliding clamp is similar in these organisms 
E) largely variable; the sliding clamp is not essential for DNA replication 
A) largely variable; the function of the sliding clamp is different in these organisms ​ 
B) largely variable; the function of the sliding clamp is similar in bacteria and archaea but different in eukaryotes 
C) highly conserved; the sliding clamp is involved in different processes depending on the organism 
D) highly conserved; the function of the sliding clamp is similar in these organisms 
E) largely variable; the sliding clamp is not essential for DNA replication

Question 9

How are purines distinguished from pyrimidines? ​

Accepted Answer

A) Purines are derived from a pair of fused C-N rings, while pyrimidines are derived from a single C-N ring. 
B) Pyrimidines are derived from a pair of fused C-N rings, while purines are derived from a single C-N ring. ​ 
C) Purines have a carbon-containing ring, while pyrimidines have a nitrogenous ring. 
D) Pyrimidines have a carbon-containing ring, while purines have a nitrogenous ring. 
E) Purines are found only in DNA, while pyrimidines are found only in RNA. 
A) Purines are derived from a pair of fused C-N rings, while pyrimidines are derived from a single C-N ring. 
B) Pyrimidines are derived from a pair of fused C-N rings, while purines are derived from a single C-N ring. ​ 
C) Purines have a carbon-containing ring, while pyrimidines have a nitrogenous ring. 
D) Pyrimidines have a carbon-containing ring, while purines have a nitrogenous ring. 
E) Purines are found only in DNA, while pyrimidines are found only in RNA.

Question 10

What happens when living R strain Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria are mixed with heat-killed S strain Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria? ​

Accepted Answer

A) The S strain bacteria come back to life. ​ 
B) The R strain bacteria are killed, and the S strain bacteria remain dead. 
C) The R strain bacteria are transformed into S strain bacteria. 
D) The S strain bacteria are transformed into R strain bacteria. 
E) The R strain bacteria are killed, and the S strain bacteria come back to life. 
A) The S strain bacteria come back to life. ​ 
B) The R strain bacteria are killed, and the S strain bacteria remain dead. 
C) The R strain bacteria are transformed into S strain bacteria. 
D) The S strain bacteria are transformed into R strain bacteria. 
E) The R strain bacteria are killed, and the S strain bacteria come back to life.

Question 11

The steps of DNA replication and the enzymes involved are largely conserved amongst bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. How can this evolutionary conservation be explained?

Accepted Answer

DNA replication is vital to living organ

Question 12

When DNA is replicated, ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) parental histones are degraded and entirely replaced by new histones ​ 
B) DNA is permanently freed from histone binding 
C) the histone proteins are also replicated 
D) only some of the histone proteins are replicated 
E) the number of histones that bind to each DNA molecule is halved 
A) parental histones are degraded and entirely replaced by new histones ​ 
B) DNA is permanently freed from histone binding 
C) the histone proteins are also replicated 
D) only some of the histone proteins are replicated 
E) the number of histones that bind to each DNA molecule is halved

Question 13

Topoisomerase functions by ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) creating cuts in the DNA to relieve over-twisting and strain ahead of the replication fork ​ 
B) binding DNA polymerase to hold it tightly to the template DNA 
C) unwinding the DNA double helix to expose the template strands for replication 
D) binding the newly synthesized DNA to re-twist it into a double helix after replication 
E) reading the DNA template and synthesizing a complementary strand of DNA 
A) creating cuts in the DNA to relieve over-twisting and strain ahead of the replication fork ​ 
B) binding DNA polymerase to hold it tightly to the template DNA 
C) unwinding the DNA double helix to expose the template strands for replication 
D) binding the newly synthesized DNA to re-twist it into a double helix after replication 
E) reading the DNA template and synthesizing a complementary strand of DNA

Question 14

Suppose a DNA replication error is not corrected. After two cell divisions, how many of the four daughter cells contain this mutation (assuming that the mistake was never corrected)? ​

Accepted Answer

A) none ​ 
B) one 
C) two 
D) three 
E) four 
A) none ​ 
B) one 
C) two 
D) three 
E) four

Question 15

In the Hershey and Chase experiment, phage-infected bacteria and viral progeny were radioactive following bacterial infection with 32P-labeled viruses. Why? ​

Accepted Answer

A) Bacteria had incorporated radioactive proteins into their DNA. ​ 
B) Bacteria and viral progeny had incorporated 32P into their DNA. 
C) Viral progeny had used the 32P to build new viral proteins. 
D) Bacteria had incorporated radioactive proteins into their cell membranes. 
E) ​ 32  P was left outside the cell during viral infection. 
A) Bacteria had incorporated radioactive proteins into their DNA. ​ 
B) Bacteria and viral progeny had incorporated 32P into their DNA. 
C) Viral progeny had used the 32P to build new viral proteins. 
D) Bacteria had incorporated radioactive proteins into their cell membranes. 
E) ​ 32  P was left outside the cell during viral infection.

Question 16

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty continued Griffith's work with S. pneumoniae and concluded that DNA was the hereditary material. If protein was the hereditary material instead of DNA, what would happen to mice after injection of heat-killed virulent bacteria mixed with live non-virulent bacteria after treatment with protease? ​

Accepted Answer

A) The mice would live. ​ 
B) The mice would die. 
C) The mice would get sick but recover. 
D) The mice would grow tumors. 
E) The mice would degrade the protein. 
A) The mice would live. ​ 
B) The mice would die. 
C) The mice would get sick but recover. 
D) The mice would grow tumors. 
E) The mice would degrade the protein.

Question 17

In Hershey and Chase's experiment, why would it not have been suitable to use radioactive nitrogen to label DNA?

Accepted Answer

Hershey and Chase wanted to determine if

Question 18

Imagine that a cell contains a genetic mutation in the gene encoding the primase enzyme, rendering it unable to synthesize RNA strands. Assuming that all of the other enzymes directly involved in DNA replication are still functional in these cells, how much of the DNA replication process would you expect to see in these cells? ​

Accepted Answer

A) The leading strand would be synthesized, but not the lagging strand. ​ 
B) No part of the DNA replication process could occur. 
C) The DNA helix would be unwound by helicase, but no new strands will be produced. 
D) Both the leading and lagging strand would be synthesized, but pieces of discontinuous strands would not be joined together. 
E) DNA replication would still proceed completely since RNA strands are not part of the final product of DNA replication. 
A) The leading strand would be synthesized, but not the lagging strand. ​ 
B) No part of the DNA replication process could occur. 
C) The DNA helix would be unwound by helicase, but no new strands will be produced. 
D) Both the leading and lagging strand would be synthesized, but pieces of discontinuous strands would not be joined together. 
E) DNA replication would still proceed completely since RNA strands are not part of the final product of DNA replication.

Question 19

After DNA repair enzymes remove an incorrect nucleotide resulting from a replication error, ____ is/are needed to complete the repair. ​

Accepted Answer

A) primase, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase ​ 
B) DNA polymerase 
C) DNA polymerase and DNA ligase 
D) primase and DNA ligase 
E) primase and DNA polymerase 
A) primase, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase ​ 
B) DNA polymerase 
C) DNA polymerase and DNA ligase 
D) primase and DNA ligase 
E) primase and DNA polymerase

Question 20

The energy to form the new bonds between nucleotides in a growing DNA strand is provided primarily by ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) unwinding of the DNA double helix 
B) hydrolysis of pyrophosphate 
C) breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs 
D) DNA helicase 
E) forming hydrogen bonds between base pairs 
A) unwinding of the DNA double helix 
B) hydrolysis of pyrophosphate 
C) breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs 
D) DNA helicase 
E) forming hydrogen bonds between base pairs

Exam 14: DNA Structure, Replication, and Organization

In prokaryotes, the DNA molecule that makes up a chromosome is ____ and has ____ replication origin. ​

Nucleic acids are long chains of ____. ​

Purines and pyrimidines are ____. ​

The structure of the sliding clamp is ____ in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, which likely indicates that ____. ​

How are purines distinguished from pyrimidines? ​

What happens when living R strain Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria are mixed with heat-killed S strain Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria? ​

The steps of DNA replication and the enzymes involved are largely conserved amongst bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. How can this evolutionary conservation be explained?

When DNA is replicated, ____. ​

Topoisomerase functions by ____. ​

Suppose a DNA replication error is not corrected. After two cell divisions, how many of the four daughter cells contain this mutation (assuming that the mistake was never corrected)? ​

In the Hershey and Chase experiment, phage-infected bacteria and viral progeny were radioactive following bacterial infection with 32P-labeled viruses. Why? ​

In Hershey and Chase's experiment, why would it not have been suitable to use radioactive nitrogen to label DNA?

After DNA repair enzymes remove an incorrect nucleotide resulting from a replication error, ____ is/are needed to complete the repair. ​

The energy to form the new bonds between nucleotides in a growing DNA strand is provided primarily by ____. ​

Introduction to Biological Concepts and Research

Life, Chemistry, and Water

Biological Molecules: the Carbon Compounds of Life

Cells

Membranes and Transport

Energy, Enzymes, and Biological Reactions

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

Cell Division and Mitosis

Meiosis: the Cellular Basis of Sexual Reproduction

Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance

Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics

From DNA to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Bacterial and Viral Genetics

Dna Technologies: Making and Using Genetically Altered Organisms, and Other Applications

Genomes and Proteomes

The Development of Evolutionary Thought

Microevolution: Genetic Changes Within Populations

Speciation

Paleobiology and Macroevolution

Systematic Biology: Phylogeny and Classification

The Origin of Life

Prokaryotes and Viruses

Protists

Seedless Plants

Seed Plants

Fungi

Animal Phylogeny, Acoelomates, and Protostomes

Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants

Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment

Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology

Information Flow and the Neuron

Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Endocrine System

Muscles, Bones, and Body Movements

The Circulatory System

Defenses Against Disease

Gas Exchange: the Respiratory System

Animal Nutrition

Regulating the Internal Environment

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Population Interactions and Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Animal Behavior

Filters

In prokaryotes, the DNA molecule that makes up a chromosome is and has replication origin.

Nucleic acids are long chains of ____.

Purines and pyrimidines are ____.

The structure of the sliding clamp is in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, which likely indicates that .

How are purines distinguished from pyrimidines?

What happens when living R strain Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria are mixed with heat-killed S strain Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria?

When DNA is replicated, ____.

Topoisomerase functions by ____.

Suppose a DNA replication error is not corrected. After two cell divisions, how many of the four daughter cells contain this mutation (assuming that the mistake was never corrected)?

In the Hershey and Chase experiment, phage-infected bacteria and viral progeny were radioactive following bacterial infection with ³²P-labeled viruses. Why?

After DNA repair enzymes remove an incorrect nucleotide resulting from a replication error, ____ is/are needed to complete the repair.

The energy to form the new bonds between nucleotides in a growing DNA strand is provided primarily by ____.