Question 1

If true, which of the following is the best evidence that the cyanelles are providing nutrition (in other words, calories)to the surrounding cercozoan?

Accepted Answer

A) if the cyanelle performs aerobic photosynthesis 
B) if the vesicle membrane that surrounds each cyanelle possesses glucose-transport proteins 
C) if the cyanelle performs aerobic respiration 
D) if radiolabelled ¹⁴CO₂ enters the cyanelle and if, subsequently, radiolabelled glucose is present in cercozoan cytosol 
E) if radiolabelled "heavy" water, ²H₂O, enters the cyanelle and if, subsequently, radiolabelled oxygen appears in cercozoan cytosol 
A) if the cyanelle performs aerobic photosynthesis 
B) if the vesicle membrane that surrounds each cyanelle possesses glucose-transport proteins 
C) if the cyanelle performs aerobic respiration 
D) if radiolabelled ¹⁴CO₂ enters the cyanelle and if, subsequently, radiolabelled glucose is present in cercozoan cytosol 
E) if radiolabelled "heavy" water, ²H₂O, enters the cyanelle and if, subsequently, radiolabelled oxygen appears in cercozoan cytosol D

Question 2

The next few questions refer to the following description and table.
Diatoms are encased in Petri-platelike cases (valves) made of translucent hydrated silica whose thickness can be varied. The material used to store excess calories can also be varied. At certain times, diatoms store excess calories in the form of the liquid polysaccharide, laminarin, and at other times as oil. The following are data concerning the density (specific gravity) of various components of diatoms, and of their environment.
Specific Gravities of Materials Relevant to Diatoms
  
-Using dead diatoms to "pump" CO₂ to the seafloor is feasible only if dead diatoms sink quickly. Consequently, application of mineral fertilizers, such as iron, should be most effective at times when diatom valves

Accepted Answer

A) are thickest, and laminarin is being produced rather than oil. 
B) are thickest, and oil is being produced rather than laminarin. 
C) are thinnest, and laminarin is being produced rather than oil. 
D) are thinnest, and oil is being produced rather than laminarin. 
A) are thickest, and laminarin is being produced rather than oil. 
B) are thickest, and oil is being produced rather than laminarin. 
C) are thinnest, and laminarin is being produced rather than oil. 
D) are thinnest, and oil is being produced rather than laminarin. A

Question 3

A snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell)of calcium carbonate is characteristic of which group?

Accepted Answer

A) diatoms 
B) foraminiferans 
C) radiolarians 
D) gymnamoebas 
A) diatoms 
B) foraminiferans 
C) radiolarians 
D) gymnamoebas B

Question 4

Which of the following represents the true significance of the finding that the cyanelles of? P. chromatophora stem from a different type of cyanobacterium than gave rise to chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

A) This finding indicates that there is a second evolutionary lineage of photosynthetic eukaryotes. 
B) This finding represents the first time that primary endosymbiosis has been directly observed. 
C) This finding is the strongest evidence yet for the theory of endosymbiosis. 
D) This finding is an example of the phenomenon known as "serial endosymbiosis." 
E) This finding is the first evidence that eukaryotic cells do not necessarily digest prokaryotic cells that manage to gain access to their cytoplasm. 
A) This finding indicates that there is a second evolutionary lineage of photosynthetic eukaryotes. 
B) This finding represents the first time that primary endosymbiosis has been directly observed. 
C) This finding is the strongest evidence yet for the theory of endosymbiosis. 
D) This finding is an example of the phenomenon known as "serial endosymbiosis." 
E) This finding is the first evidence that eukaryotic cells do not necessarily digest prokaryotic cells that manage to gain access to their cytoplasm.

Question 5

The following questions refer to the description below.
You and a friend were walking through a pet store looking at the different aquaria with fish. Most of the aquaria had fish that were healthy and colourful, but two tanks with many fish in them had fish with "fin and tail rot" caused by a pathogenic bacteria. You and your friend read that bacteria are found in most environments and that healthy fish are quite resistant to bacterial infections.
  
-A distinguishing feature of the organism in test tube 3 is

Accepted Answer

A) the requirement of 2 hosts to complete its life cycle. 
B) absence of flagella. 
C) that it is a major component of zooplankton. 
D) walls are made of silica. 
E) cilia used for feeding. 
A) the requirement of 2 hosts to complete its life cycle. 
B) absence of flagella. 
C) that it is a major component of zooplankton. 
D) walls are made of silica. 
E) cilia used for feeding.

Question 6

Which of the following are actual mutualistic partnerships that involve a protist and a host organism?

Accepted Answer

A) cellulose-digesting gut protists-wood-eating termites 
B) dinoflagellates-reef-building coral animals 
C) Trichomonas-humans 
D) algae-certain foraminiferans 
E) all except that involving humans 
A) cellulose-digesting gut protists-wood-eating termites 
B) dinoflagellates-reef-building coral animals 
C) Trichomonas-humans 
D) algae-certain foraminiferans 
E) all except that involving humans

Question 7

The next few questions refer to the following description and table.
Diatoms are encased in Petri-platelike cases (valves) made of translucent hydrated silica whose thickness can be varied. The material used to store excess calories can also be varied. At certain times, diatoms store excess calories in the form of the liquid polysaccharide, laminarin, and at other times as oil. The following are data concerning the density (specific gravity) of various components of diatoms, and of their environment.
Specific Gravities of Materials Relevant to Diatoms
  
-Judging from the table and given that water's density and, consequently, its buoyancy decrease at warmer temperatures, in which environment should diatoms (and other suspended particles)sink most slowly?

Accepted Answer

A) cold fresh water 
B) warm fresh water 
C) cold sea water 
D) warm sea water 
E) warm brackish water 
A) cold fresh water 
B) warm fresh water 
C) cold sea water 
D) warm sea water 
E) warm brackish water

Question 8

What must occur for asexual reproduction to be successful in P. chromatophora? 1. mitosis
2. S phase
3. meiosis
4. equal distribution of cyanelles during cytokinesis

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 2 
C) 1, 2, and 3 
D) 1, 2, and 4 
E) 2, 3, and 4 
A) 1 only 
B) 1 and 2 
C) 1, 2, and 3 
D) 1, 2, and 4 
E) 2, 3, and 4

Question 9

Which process could have allowed the nucleomorphs of chlorarachniophytes to be reduced, without the net loss of any genetic information?

Accepted Answer

A) conjugation 
B) horizontal gene transfer 
C) binary fission 
D) phagocytosis 
E) meiosis 
A) conjugation 
B) horizontal gene transfer 
C) binary fission 
D) phagocytosis 
E) meiosis

Question 10

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Giardia lamblia is an intestinal parasite of humans and other mammals that causes intestinal ailments in most people who ingest the cysts. Upon ingestion, each cyst releases two motile cells, called trophozoites. These attach to the small intestine's lining via a ventral adhesive disk. The trophozoites anaerobically metabolize glucose from the host's intestinal contents to produce ATP. Reproduction is completely asexual, occurring by longitudinal binary fission of trophozoites, with each daughter cell receiving two haploid nuclei (n = 5). A trophozoite will often encyst as it passes into the large intestine by secreting around itself a case that is resistant to cold, heat, and dehydration. Infection usually occurs by drinking untreated water that contains cysts.
-Given its mode of reproduction and internal structures, which of the following should be expected to occur in Giardia at some stage of its life cycle? 1. separation (segregation)of daughter chromosomes
2. crossing over
3. meiosis

Accepted Answer

A) 1 only 
B) 3 only 
C) 1 and 2 
D) 1 and 3 
E) 2 and 3 
A) 1 only 
B) 3 only 
C) 1 and 2 
D) 1 and 3 
E) 2 and 3

Question 11

You are designing an artificial drug-delivery "cell" that can penetrate animal cells. Which of these protist structures should provide the most likely avenue for research along these lines?

Accepted Answer

A) pseudopods 
B) apical complex 
C) excavated feeding grooves 
D) nucleomorphs 
E) mitosomes 
A) pseudopods 
B) apical complex 
C) excavated feeding grooves 
D) nucleomorphs 
E) mitosomes

Question 12

Which of the following statements concerning protists is true?

Accepted Answer

A) All protists have mitochondria, though in some species they are much reduced and known by different names. 
B) The primary organism that transmits malaria to humans by its bite is the tsetse fly. 
C) All apicomplexans are autotrophic. 
D) All slime moulds have an amoeboid stage that may be followed by a stage during which spores are produced. 
E) Euglenozoans that are mixotrophic lack functional chloroplasts. 
A) All protists have mitochondria, though in some species they are much reduced and known by different names. 
B) The primary organism that transmits malaria to humans by its bite is the tsetse fly. 
C) All apicomplexans are autotrophic. 
D) All slime moulds have an amoeboid stage that may be followed by a stage during which spores are produced. 
E) Euglenozoans that are mixotrophic lack functional chloroplasts.

Question 13

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Giardia lamblia is an intestinal parasite of humans and other mammals that causes intestinal ailments in most people who ingest the cysts. Upon ingestion, each cyst releases two motile cells, called trophozoites. These attach to the small intestine's lining via a ventral adhesive disk. The trophozoites anaerobically metabolize glucose from the host's intestinal contents to produce ATP. Reproduction is completely asexual, occurring by longitudinal binary fission of trophozoites, with each daughter cell receiving two haploid nuclei (n = 5). A trophozoite will often encyst as it passes into the large intestine by secreting around itself a case that is resistant to cold, heat, and dehydration. Infection usually occurs by drinking untreated water that contains cysts.
-Given that Flagyl produces only minor side effects (if any)in humans, and given the set of parasites that it kills, Flagyl's mode of action probably involves

Accepted Answer

A) peptidoglycan. 
B) mitochondria or mitosomes. 
C) anaerobic metabolic pathways. 
D) nuclear envelopes. 
E) microtubules. 
A) peptidoglycan. 
B) mitochondria or mitosomes. 
C) anaerobic metabolic pathways. 
D) nuclear envelopes. 
E) microtubules.

Question 14

The following questions refer to the description below.
You and a friend were walking through a pet store looking at the different aquaria with fish. Most of the aquaria had fish that were healthy and colourful, but two tanks with many fish in them had fish with "fin and tail rot" caused by a pathogenic bacteria. You and your friend read that bacteria are found in most environments and that healthy fish are quite resistant to bacterial infections.
  
-Which of the following characteristics does not apply to the organism in test tube 5?

Accepted Answer

A) conjugation produces genetic variation 
B) cells are reinforced by cellulose plates 
C) use cilia for locomotion 
D) asexual reproduction is by binary fission 
E) cilia are used for feeding 
A) conjugation produces genetic variation 
B) cells are reinforced by cellulose plates 
C) use cilia for locomotion 
D) asexual reproduction is by binary fission 
E) cilia are used for feeding

Question 15

The next few questions refer to the following description and table.
Diatoms are encased in Petri-platelike cases (valves) made of translucent hydrated silica whose thickness can be varied. The material used to store excess calories can also be varied. At certain times, diatoms store excess calories in the form of the liquid polysaccharide, laminarin, and at other times as oil. The following are data concerning the density (specific gravity) of various components of diatoms, and of their environment.
Specific Gravities of Materials Relevant to Diatoms
  
-Water's density and, consequently, its buoyancy decrease at warmer temperatures. Based on this consideration and using data from the table, at which time of year should one expect diatoms to be storing excess calories mostly as oil?

Accepted Answer

A) mid-winter 
B) early spring 
C) late summer 
D) late fall 
A) mid-winter 
B) early spring 
C) late summer 
D) late fall

Question 16

If true, which of the following would be most important in determining whether? P. chromatophora's cyanelle is still an endosymbiont, or is an organelle, as the term cyanelle implies?

Accepted Answer

A) if P. chromatophora is less fit without its cyanelle than with it 
B) if the cyanelle is less fit without the host cercozoan than with it 
C) if there is ongoing metabolic cooperation between the cyanelle and the host cercozoan 
D) if the magnesium-containing porphyrin ring in the cyanelle's chlorophyll molecules is built by the cyanelle, whereas the organic portion of the chlorophyll molecules is built by the host cercozoan 
E) if there has been movement of genes from the cyanelle genome to the nuclear genome, such that these genes are no longer present in the cyanelle genome 
A) if P. chromatophora is less fit without its cyanelle than with it 
B) if the cyanelle is less fit without the host cercozoan than with it 
C) if there is ongoing metabolic cooperation between the cyanelle and the host cercozoan 
D) if the magnesium-containing porphyrin ring in the cyanelle's chlorophyll molecules is built by the cyanelle, whereas the organic portion of the chlorophyll molecules is built by the host cercozoan 
E) if there has been movement of genes from the cyanelle genome to the nuclear genome, such that these genes are no longer present in the cyanelle genome

Question 17

The following questions refer to the description below.
Malaria is a global health problem in over 100 countries, killing about one million people every year. The protist, Plasmodium, that causes malaria lives in 2 hosts, mosquitoes and humans. Malaria is transmitted to humans by the Anopholes mosquito.
-A friend of yours has just returned from central Africa and has told you that she is sick with malaria. You know your friend took an anti-malaria medication before she left on her trip. How can you explain why your friend contracted malaria?

Accepted Answer

A) Your friend has likely picked up a new pathogen which is making her sick. 
B) Your friend had taken anti-malaria medication, but the Plasmodium parasite was resistant to this drug. 
C) The medication suppressed your friend's immune system. 
D) Your friend is immune to the medication she took. 
E) Your friend should have chosen a vaccine instead of drugs because vaccines work for a longer period of time. 
A) Your friend has likely picked up a new pathogen which is making her sick. 
B) Your friend had taken anti-malaria medication, but the Plasmodium parasite was resistant to this drug. 
C) The medication suppressed your friend's immune system. 
D) Your friend is immune to the medication she took. 
E) Your friend should have chosen a vaccine instead of drugs because vaccines work for a longer period of time.

Question 18

Which pair of alternatives is highlighted by the life cycle of the cellular slime moulds, such as Dictyostelium?

Accepted Answer

A) prokaryotic or eukaryotic 
B) unicellular or multicellular 
C) diploid or haploid 
D) autotroph or heterotroph 
A) prokaryotic or eukaryotic 
B) unicellular or multicellular 
C) diploid or haploid 
D) autotroph or heterotroph

Question 19

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Giardia lamblia is an intestinal parasite of humans and other mammals that causes intestinal ailments in most people who ingest the cysts. Upon ingestion, each cyst releases two motile cells, called trophozoites. These attach to the small intestine's lining via a ventral adhesive disk. The trophozoites anaerobically metabolize glucose from the host's intestinal contents to produce ATP. Reproduction is completely asexual, occurring by longitudinal binary fission of trophozoites, with each daughter cell receiving two haploid nuclei (n = 5). A trophozoite will often encyst as it passes into the large intestine by secreting around itself a case that is resistant to cold, heat, and dehydration. Infection usually occurs by drinking untreated water that contains cysts.
-Diplomonads, such as Giardia, contain two haploid nuclei per trophozoite. Thus, during the G₁ phase of the cell cycle, there should be a total of how many unreplicated chromosomes per trophozoite, and during the G₂ phase, how many replicated chromosomes per trophozoite?

Accepted Answer

A) 5; 5 
B) 5; 10 
C) 10; 10 
D) 10; 20 
E) 20; 20 
A) 5; 5 
B) 5; 10 
C) 10; 10 
D) 10; 20 
E) 20; 20

Question 20

Biologists have long been aware that the defunct kingdom Protista is polyphyletic. Which of these statements is most consistent with this conclusion?

Accepted Answer

A) Many species within this kingdom were once classified as monerans. 
B) Animals, plants, and fungi arose from different protist ancestors. 
C) The eukaryotic condition has evolved more than once among the protists. 
D) Chloroplasts among various protists are similar to those found in prokaryotes. 
E) Some protists, all animals, and all fungi share a protist common ancestor, but these protists, animals, and fungi are currently assigned to three different kingdoms. 
A) Many species within this kingdom were once classified as monerans. 
B) Animals, plants, and fungi arose from different protist ancestors. 
C) The eukaryotic condition has evolved more than once among the protists. 
D) Chloroplasts among various protists are similar to those found in prokaryotes. 
E) Some protists, all animals, and all fungi share a protist common ancestor, but these protists, animals, and fungi are currently assigned to three different kingdoms.

Exam 28: Protists

If true, which of the following is the best evidence that the cyanelles are providing nutrition (in other words, calories)to the surrounding cercozoan?

A snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell)of calcium carbonate is characteristic of which group?

Which of the following represents the true significance of the finding that the cyanelles of? P. chromatophora stem from a different type of cyanobacterium than gave rise to chloroplasts?

Which of the following are actual mutualistic partnerships that involve a protist and a host organism?

What must occur for asexual reproduction to be successful in P. chromatophora? 1. mitosis 2. S phase 3. meiosis 4. equal distribution of cyanelles during cytokinesis

Which process could have allowed the nucleomorphs of chlorarachniophytes to be reduced, without the net loss of any genetic information?

You are designing an artificial drug-delivery "cell" that can penetrate animal cells. Which of these protist structures should provide the most likely avenue for research along these lines?

Which of the following statements concerning protists is true?

If true, which of the following would be most important in determining whether? P. chromatophora's cyanelle is still an endosymbiont, or is an organelle, as the term cyanelle implies?

Which pair of alternatives is highlighted by the life cycle of the cellular slime moulds, such as Dictyostelium?

Biologists have long been aware that the defunct kingdom Protista is polyphyletic. Which of these statements is most consistent with this conclusion?

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

Filters