Question 1

CD4 and CD8 are

Accepted Answer

A) proteins secreted by antigen-presenting cells. 
B) receptors present on the surface of natural killer (NK)cells. 
C) T-independent antigens. 
D) molecules present on the surface of T cells where they interact with MHC molecules. 
E) molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells where they enhance B cell activity. 
A) proteins secreted by antigen-presenting cells. 
B) receptors present on the surface of natural killer (NK)cells. 
C) T-independent antigens. 
D) molecules present on the surface of T cells where they interact with MHC molecules. 
E) molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells where they enhance B cell activity. D

Question 2

Within a differentiated B cell, the rearrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions and joining regions is accomplished by

Accepted Answer

A) polyadenylase. 
B) RNA polymerase. 
C) reverse transcriptase. 
D) epitopase. 
E) recombinase. 
A) polyadenylase. 
B) RNA polymerase. 
C) reverse transcriptase. 
D) epitopase. 
E) recombinase. E

Question 3

Vaccination increases the number of

Accepted Answer

A) different receptors that recognize a pathogen. 
B) lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen. 
C) epitopes that the immune system can recognize. 
D) macrophages specific for a pathogen. 
E) MHC molecules that can present an antigen. 
A) different receptors that recognize a pathogen. 
B) lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen. 
C) epitopes that the immune system can recognize. 
D) macrophages specific for a pathogen. 
E) MHC molecules that can present an antigen. B

Question 4

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to

Accepted Answer

A) antibodies. 
B) antigens. 
C) natural killer cells. 
D) double-stranded RNA. 
E) immunoglobulins. 
A) antibodies. 
B) antigens. 
C) natural killer cells. 
D) double-stranded RNA. 
E) immunoglobulins.

Question 5

The activation of helper T cells is likely

Accepted Answer

A) when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell. 
B) when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines. 
C) when natural killer (NK)cells come in contact with a tumour cell. 
D) in the bone marrow during the self-tolerance test. 
E) when B cells respond to T-independent antigens. 
A) when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell. 
B) when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines. 
C) when natural killer (NK)cells come in contact with a tumour cell. 
D) in the bone marrow during the self-tolerance test. 
E) when B cells respond to T-independent antigens.

Question 6

Following radiation, a person's bone marrow is been destroyed. Which of the following cells are no longer produced? I. B cells
II. T cells
III. erythrocytes
IV. lysosome

Accepted Answer

A) I and II 
B) I, II, and III 
C) I, II, and IV 
D) II, III, an IV 
E) II and III 
A) I and II 
B) I, II, and III 
C) I, II, and IV 
D) II, III, an IV 
E) II and III

Question 7

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
In a famous study, women were asked to smell and rate the attractiveness of axillary odours on t-shirts worn by different men. Results showed that ovulating women preferred the odour of the t-shirts worn by MHC (major histocompatibility complex) dissimilar men. This indicates that dissimilarity in MHC may play a role in mate selection.
-The advantage conferred on offspring resulting from the mating of two individuals with differing MHC genotypes is that

Accepted Answer

A) the innate immunity would be greater against a larger number of pathogens. 
B) the secondary immune response would occur more rapidly. 
C) the immune response would be greater against a larger number of pathogens. 
D) the rate of phagocytosis during opsonization would be increased. 
E) the secondary immune response would occur with greater intensity. 
A) the innate immunity would be greater against a larger number of pathogens. 
B) the secondary immune response would occur more rapidly. 
C) the immune response would be greater against a larger number of pathogens. 
D) the rate of phagocytosis during opsonization would be increased. 
E) the secondary immune response would occur with greater intensity.

Question 8

Use the following table to answer the questions below.
  
-Study the table. Giving the mother anti-Rh antibodies before delivering her baby would be a wise precaution in

Accepted Answer

A) Case 1 only. 
B) Case 3 only. 
C) Cases 1 and 2 only. 
D) Cases 1, 2, and 3. 
E) It cannot be determined from the data given. 
A) Case 1 only. 
B) Case 3 only. 
C) Cases 1 and 2 only. 
D) Cases 1, 2, and 3. 
E) It cannot be determined from the data given.

Question 9

Use the following graph to answer the questions below.
  
-According to the graph, naive memory cells will be produced

Accepted Answer

A) between 0 and 7 days. 
B) between 7 and 14 days. 
C) between 28 and 35 days. 
D) between 35 and 42 days. 
E) both between 0 and 7 days and between 28 and 35 days. 
A) between 0 and 7 days. 
B) between 7 and 14 days. 
C) between 28 and 35 days. 
D) between 35 and 42 days. 
E) both between 0 and 7 days and between 28 and 35 days.

Question 10

Most newly emerging diseases result in

Accepted Answer

A) greater severity as there are more and more occurrences of the infection. 
B) major pandemics, spreading the infection far and wide in the population. 
C) the waning of the disease, due to evolutionary selection for resistant hosts and milder pathogens. 
D) a destruction of the host's immune system and eventual cancer. 
E) no discoverable relationship with other pathogens in the same or related species. 
A) greater severity as there are more and more occurrences of the infection. 
B) major pandemics, spreading the infection far and wide in the population. 
C) the waning of the disease, due to evolutionary selection for resistant hosts and milder pathogens. 
D) a destruction of the host's immune system and eventual cancer. 
E) no discoverable relationship with other pathogens in the same or related species.

Question 11

Use the following information as background for the next few questions.
Immunodeficiencies can be genetic in origin, and two examples are Bruton's agammaglobulinemia, an X-linked disorder, and DiGeorge syndrome, caused by a deletion from chromosome 22. Bruton's disorder results in underdeveloped B cells, whereas DiGeorge syndrome results in a missing or seriously underdeveloped thymus.
-Bruton's disorder will likely include

Accepted Answer

A) the failure of heavy-chain gene rearrangement in B cells. 
B) the failure to incorporate CD4 receptors into cell membranes. 
C) an underexpression of the gene for the β chain of the T cell receptor. 
D) an underexpression of the gene for the CD8 receptor molecule. 
E) the inability of the bone marrow cells to interact with MHC molecules. 
A) the failure of heavy-chain gene rearrangement in B cells. 
B) the failure to incorporate CD4 receptors into cell membranes. 
C) an underexpression of the gene for the β chain of the T cell receptor. 
D) an underexpression of the gene for the CD8 receptor molecule. 
E) the inability of the bone marrow cells to interact with MHC molecules.

Question 12

Clonal selection is an explanation for how

Accepted Answer

A) a single type of stem cell can produce both red blood cells and white blood cells. 
B) V, J, and C gene segments are rearranged. 
C) an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies. 
D) HIV can disrupt the immune system. 
E) macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells. 
A) a single type of stem cell can produce both red blood cells and white blood cells. 
B) V, J, and C gene segments are rearranged. 
C) an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies. 
D) HIV can disrupt the immune system. 
E) macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells.

Question 13

The function of antibodies is to

Accepted Answer

A) inject toxins into living pathogens. 
B) secrete cytokines that attract macrophages to infection sites. 
C) release perforins to disrupt infected cells. 
D) act as Toll-like receptors. 
E) mark pathogenic cells for destruction. 
A) inject toxins into living pathogens. 
B) secrete cytokines that attract macrophages to infection sites. 
C) release perforins to disrupt infected cells. 
D) act as Toll-like receptors. 
E) mark pathogenic cells for destruction.

Question 14

T cells of the immune system include

Accepted Answer

A) CD4, CD8, and plasma cells. 
B) cytotoxic and helper cells. 
C) plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells. 
D) lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. 
E) class I MHC, class II MHC, and memory cells. 
A) CD4, CD8, and plasma cells. 
B) cytotoxic and helper cells. 
C) plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells. 
D) lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. 
E) class I MHC, class II MHC, and memory cells.

Question 15

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, though infected, she does not get sick.
-Her immune system's recognition of the second infection involves the

Accepted Answer

A) helper T cells. 
B) memory B cells. 
C) plasma cells. 
D) cytotoxic T cells. 
E) natural killer cells. 
A) helper T cells. 
B) memory B cells. 
C) plasma cells. 
D) cytotoxic T cells. 
E) natural killer cells.

Question 16

Ancient peoples sought to identify the indicators of inflammation because

Accepted Answer

A) seeing such signs would be cause for their seeking out a healer in their community. 
B) the presence of the signs of inflammation in a patient could be a condemnation of the healer. 
C) the ancients probably knew of plant derivatives that could reduce the pain of inflammation. 
D) the presence of these signs suggests that healing was taking place; otherwise, the patient would likely die. 
E) the signs of inflammation served as a caution to keep people away from the patient. 
A) seeing such signs would be cause for their seeking out a healer in their community. 
B) the presence of the signs of inflammation in a patient could be a condemnation of the healer. 
C) the ancients probably knew of plant derivatives that could reduce the pain of inflammation. 
D) the presence of these signs suggests that healing was taking place; otherwise, the patient would likely die. 
E) the signs of inflammation served as a caution to keep people away from the patient.

Question 17

Preventing the appearance of the symptoms of an allergy attack would be the likely result of

Accepted Answer

A) blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells. 
B) blocking the antigenic determinants of the IgM antibodies. 
C) reducing the number of helper T cells in the body. 
D) reducing the number of cytotoxic cells. 
E) reducing the number of natural killer cells. 
A) blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells. 
B) blocking the antigenic determinants of the IgM antibodies. 
C) reducing the number of helper T cells in the body. 
D) reducing the number of cytotoxic cells. 
E) reducing the number of natural killer cells.

Question 18

The number of MHC protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because

Accepted Answer

A) the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways. 
B) MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II. 
C) each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene. 
D) once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories. 
E) once a T cell has matured in the thymus, it can only respond to two MHC categories. 
A) the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways. 
B) MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II. 
C) each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene. 
D) once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories. 
E) once a T cell has matured in the thymus, it can only respond to two MHC categories.

Question 19

An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin would likely benefit from

Accepted Answer

A) vaccination with a weakened form of the toxin. 
B) injection of antibodies to the toxin. 
C) injection of interleukin-1. 
D) injection of interleukin-2. 
E) injection of interferon. 
A) vaccination with a weakened form of the toxin. 
B) injection of antibodies to the toxin. 
C) injection of interleukin-1. 
D) injection of interleukin-2. 
E) injection of interferon.

Question 20

Use the following table to answer the questions below.
  
-In Cases 1 and 2 in the table, the mothers would be able, if needed, to supply blood to the newborn even seven to nine months after birth; the same would not be true for Case 3. This is because

Accepted Answer

A) the fetus in Case 3 would provoke an immune response in the mother that would carry over after the birth. 
B) the newborn in Case 3 would soon be able to make antibodies to the B antigen of the mother. 
C) newborn children, until about age 2, do not make appreciable antibodies, except against Rh⁺ antigen. 
D) passive immunity would have worn off for the third newborn, but not for the other two. 
E) this difference is based on which of the mothers has been nursing her children, not on blood antigens. 
A) the fetus in Case 3 would provoke an immune response in the mother that would carry over after the birth. 
B) the newborn in Case 3 would soon be able to make antibodies to the B antigen of the mother. 
C) newborn children, until about age 2, do not make appreciable antibodies, except against Rh⁺ antigen. 
D) passive immunity would have worn off for the third newborn, but not for the other two. 
E) this difference is based on which of the mothers has been nursing her children, not on blood antigens.

Exam 43: The Immune System

CD4 and CD8 are

Within a differentiated B cell, the rearrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions and joining regions is accomplished by

Vaccination increases the number of

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to

The activation of helper T cells is likely

Following radiation, a person's bone marrow is been destroyed. Which of the following cells are no longer produced? I. B cells II. T cells III. erythrocytes IV. lysosome

Use the following table to answer the questions below. -Study the table. Giving the mother anti-Rh antibodies before delivering her baby would be a wise precaution in

Use the following graph to answer the questions below. -According to the graph, naive memory cells will be produced

Most newly emerging diseases result in

Clonal selection is an explanation for how

The function of antibodies is to

T cells of the immune system include

Ancient peoples sought to identify the indicators of inflammation because

Preventing the appearance of the symptoms of an allergy attack would be the likely result of

The number of MHC protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because

An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin would likely benefit from

Use the following table to answer the questions below. -In Cases 1 and 2 in the table, the mothers would be able, if needed, to supply blood to the newborn even seven to nine months after birth; the same would not be true for Case 3. This is because

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

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Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

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An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

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