Question 1

Juxtamedullary nephrons can concentrate salt effectively in the renal medulla because of their long

Accepted Answer

A) loops of Henle. 
B) distal convoluted tubules. 
C) Bowman's capsules. 
D) proximal convoluted tubules. 
E) glomeruli. 
A) loops of Henle. 
B) distal convoluted tubules. 
C) Bowman's capsules. 
D) proximal convoluted tubules. 
E) glomeruli. A

Question 2

A person with alkalosis will likely excrete urine that has abnormally high levels of

Accepted Answer

A) bicarbonate ions. 
B) sodium ions. 
C) glucose. 
D) ammonia. 
E) NaOH. 
A) bicarbonate ions. 
B) sodium ions. 
C) glucose. 
D) ammonia. 
E) NaOH. B

Question 3

A necropsy (postmortem analysis)of a marine sea star that died after it was mistakenly placed in fresh water would likely show that it died because

Accepted Answer

A) it was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to the new conditions. 
B) it was so hyperosmotic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate. 
C) the sea star's kidneys could not handle the change in ionic content presented by the fresh water. 
D) its contractile vacuoles ruptured. 
E) its cells dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize. 
A) it was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to the new conditions. 
B) it was so hyperosmotic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate. 
C) the sea star's kidneys could not handle the change in ionic content presented by the fresh water. 
D) its contractile vacuoles ruptured. 
E) its cells dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize. B

Question 4

Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal.

Accepted Answer

A) metanephridium-flatworm 
B) Malpighian tubule-frog 
C) kidney-insect 
D) flame bulb-snake 
E) direct cellular exchange-marine invertebrate 
A) metanephridium-flatworm 
B) Malpighian tubule-frog 
C) kidney-insect 
D) flame bulb-snake 
E) direct cellular exchange-marine invertebrate

Question 5

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment.

Accepted Answer

A) hyperosmotic; freshwater 
B) isotonic; freshwater 
C) hyperosmotic; saltwater 
D) isoosmotic; saltwater 
E) hypoosmotic; saltwater 
A) hyperosmotic; freshwater 
B) isotonic; freshwater 
C) hyperosmotic; saltwater 
D) isoosmotic; saltwater 
E) hypoosmotic; saltwater

Question 6

Urea is

Accepted Answer

A) insoluble in water. 
B) more toxic to human cells than ammonia. 
C) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans. 
D) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds. 
E) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates. 
A) insoluble in water. 
B) more toxic to human cells than ammonia. 
C) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans. 
D) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds. 
E) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates.

Question 7

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

Accepted Answer

A) filtration 
B) ultrafiltration 
C) selective reabsorption 
D) secretion 
E) active transport 
A) filtration 
B) ultrafiltration 
C) selective reabsorption 
D) secretion 
E) active transport

Question 8

Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production?

Accepted Answer

A) a vampire bat 
B) a salmon in fresh water 
C) a marine bony fish 
D) a freshwater bony fish 
E) a shark inhabiting freshwater Lake Nicaragua 
A) a vampire bat 
B) a salmon in fresh water 
C) a marine bony fish 
D) a freshwater bony fish 
E) a shark inhabiting freshwater Lake Nicaragua

Question 9

Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include

Accepted Answer

A) lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish. 
B) lots of sea water, such as a bird living in a marine environment. 
C) lots of sea water, such as a marine mammal (e.g., a polar bear). 
D) a terrestrial environment, such as that supporting crickets. 
E) a moist system of burrows, such as those of naked mole rats. 
A) lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish. 
B) lots of sea water, such as a bird living in a marine environment. 
C) lots of sea water, such as a marine mammal (e.g., a polar bear). 
D) a terrestrial environment, such as that supporting crickets. 
E) a moist system of burrows, such as those of naked mole rats.

Question 10

Use the following structural formulas to identify the following items.
  
-Which of the following is excreted readily by aquatic animals because of its high solubility in the respiratory medium?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E

Question 11

Urea is produced in the

Accepted Answer

A) liver from NH₃ and CO₂. 
B) liver from glycogen. 
C) kidneys from glucose. 
D) kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids. 
E) bladder from uric acid and H₂O. 
A) liver from NH₃ and CO₂. 
B) liver from glycogen. 
C) kidneys from glucose. 
D) kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids. 
E) bladder from uric acid and H₂O.

Question 12

Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by

Accepted Answer

A) frogs. 
B) kangaroo rats. 
C) humans. 
D) desert tortoises. 
E) birds. 
A) frogs. 
B) kangaroo rats. 
C) humans. 
D) desert tortoises. 
E) birds.

Question 13

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule

Accepted Answer

A) results from active transport. 
B) transfers large molecules as easily as small ones. 
C) is very selective as to which subprotein-sized molecules are transferred. 
D) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus. 
E) usually includes the transfer of red blood cells into Bowman's capsule. 
A) results from active transport. 
B) transfers large molecules as easily as small ones. 
C) is very selective as to which subprotein-sized molecules are transferred. 
D) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus. 
E) usually includes the transfer of red blood cells into Bowman's capsule.

Question 14

Which process in the nephron is least selective?

Accepted Answer

A) filtration 
B) reabsorption 
C) active transport 
D) secretion 
E) salt pumping by the loop of Henle 
A) filtration 
B) reabsorption 
C) active transport 
D) secretion 
E) salt pumping by the loop of Henle

Question 15

Which of the following animals is most likely to excrete ammonia?

Accepted Answer

A) painted turtle 
B) white-tailed deer 
C) nurse shark 
D) yellow perch 
E) bullfrog 
A) painted turtle 
B) white-tailed deer 
C) nurse shark 
D) yellow perch 
E) bullfrog

Question 16

The osmolarity of human urine

Accepted Answer

A) can be four times as great as normal osmolarity of human plasma. 
B) is always exactly equal to plasma osmolarity. 
C) is always less than plasma osmolarity. 
D) is always greater than plasma osmolarity. 
E) is determined primarily by the concentration of glucose. 
A) can be four times as great as normal osmolarity of human plasma. 
B) is always exactly equal to plasma osmolarity. 
C) is always less than plasma osmolarity. 
D) is always greater than plasma osmolarity. 
E) is determined primarily by the concentration of glucose.

Question 17

Excessive formation of uric acid crystals in humans leads to

Accepted Answer

A) a condition called diabetes, where excessive urine formation occurs. 
B) a condition of insatiable thirst and excessive urine formation. 
C) gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints. 
D) the absence of urea in the urine. 
E) osteoarthritis, an inevitable consequence of aging. 
A) a condition called diabetes, where excessive urine formation occurs. 
B) a condition of insatiable thirst and excessive urine formation. 
C) gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints. 
D) the absence of urea in the urine. 
E) osteoarthritis, an inevitable consequence of aging.

Question 18

Osmoconforming sharks take in water, as needed,

Accepted Answer

A) by migrating to freshwater rivers to drink fresh water. 
B) via osmosis, as their body cells are slightly hyperosmotic to sea water. 
C) via active transport of water across the cells on their gills. 
D) by water diffusion from sea water, which is hyperosmotic to the fluids in their cells. 
E) by selective transport of water molecules across the wall of the gut. 
A) by migrating to freshwater rivers to drink fresh water. 
B) via osmosis, as their body cells are slightly hyperosmotic to sea water. 
C) via active transport of water across the cells on their gills. 
D) by water diffusion from sea water, which is hyperosmotic to the fluids in their cells. 
E) by selective transport of water molecules across the wall of the gut.

Question 19

After mistakenly adding salt to your freshwater tank, all of your fish died because

Accepted Answer

A) they were isosmotic to the saltwater. 
B) they are a stenohaline species. 
C) they are a diadromous species. 
D) they are a euryhaline species. 
E) they were hyperosmotic to the saltwater. 
A) they were isosmotic to the saltwater. 
B) they are a stenohaline species. 
C) they are a diadromous species. 
D) they are a euryhaline species. 
E) they were hyperosmotic to the saltwater.

Question 20

Among vertebrate animals, urea

Accepted Answer

A) is made in the kidneys and immediately excreted. 
B) is added to the air in the lungs to be exhaled, along with carbon dioxide. 
C) is made in the liver by combining two ammonia molecules with one carbon dioxide. 
D) is made in the pancreas and added to the intestinal contents, along with bile salts, for excretion. 
E) is rarely the nitrogenous waste of choice. 
A) is made in the kidneys and immediately excreted. 
B) is added to the air in the lungs to be exhaled, along with carbon dioxide. 
C) is made in the liver by combining two ammonia molecules with one carbon dioxide. 
D) is made in the pancreas and added to the intestinal contents, along with bile salts, for excretion. 
E) is rarely the nitrogenous waste of choice.

Exam 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion

Juxtamedullary nephrons can concentrate salt effectively in the renal medulla because of their long

A person with alkalosis will likely excrete urine that has abnormally high levels of

A necropsy (postmortem analysis)of a marine sea star that died after it was mistakenly placed in fresh water would likely show that it died because

Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal.

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment.

Urea is

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production?

Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include

Use the following structural formulas to identify the following items. -Which of the following is excreted readily by aquatic animals because of its high solubility in the respiratory medium?

Urea is produced in the

Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule

Which process in the nephron is least selective?

Which of the following animals is most likely to excrete ammonia?

The osmolarity of human urine

Excessive formation of uric acid crystals in humans leads to

Osmoconforming sharks take in water, as needed,

After mistakenly adding salt to your freshwater tank, all of your fish died because

Among vertebrate animals, urea

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

Filters

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be with its environment.