Question 1

In contrast to the views based on Piaget's work, the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky argued that educators should consider a child's

Accepted Answer

A)  degree of conservation. 
B)  stage of cognitive development. 
C)  zone of proximal development. 
D)  position of birth order within the family structure. 
A)  degree of conservation. 
B)  stage of cognitive development. 
C)  zone of proximal development. 
D)  position of birth order within the family structure.

Question 2

Temperament refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  the role each person is expected to play based on being male or female. 
B)  the way people organize and schematize incoming perceptual information. 
C)  the mood a person is currently feeling. 
D)  people's tendency to be active or inactive, outgoing or reserved. 
A)  the role each person is expected to play based on being male or female. 
B)  the way people organize and schematize incoming perceptual information. 
C)  the mood a person is currently feeling. 
D)  people's tendency to be active or inactive, outgoing or reserved.

Question 3

Children first appear to gain some concept of self in Piaget's __________ stage.

Accepted Answer

A)  preoperational 
B)  formal-operations 
C)  sensorimotor 
D)  concrete-operations 
A)  preoperational 
B)  formal-operations 
C)  sensorimotor 
D)  concrete-operations

Question 4

Research on parenting style and children's behavior

Accepted Answer

A)  proves that parenting style causes children's behavior. 
B)  proves that children's behavior causes parents to adopt a particular style. 
C)  is correlational, so does not allow us to draw cause-effect conclusions. 
D)  has produced results that are too inconsistent to allow for conclusions. 
A)  proves that parenting style causes children's behavior. 
B)  proves that children's behavior causes parents to adopt a particular style. 
C)  is correlational, so does not allow us to draw cause-effect conclusions. 
D)  has produced results that are too inconsistent to allow for conclusions.

Question 5

Adults who had been initially identified as "inhibited" or "uninhibited" as infants were tested with functional magnetic resonance imaging, a procedure that measures brain activity, while looking at photographs of unfamiliar people. Results of this study showed

Accepted Answer

A)  greater activity in the amygdala of the "inhibited" adults. 
B)  lower activity in the amygdala of the "inhibited" adults. 
C)  greater activity in the occipital lobe of the "uninhibited" adults. 
D)  lower activity in the occipital lobe of the "inhibited" adults. 
A)  greater activity in the amygdala of the "inhibited" adults. 
B)  lower activity in the amygdala of the "inhibited" adults. 
C)  greater activity in the occipital lobe of the "uninhibited" adults. 
D)  lower activity in the occipital lobe of the "inhibited" adults.

Question 6

One birth cohort of people may differ from another because the older generation is in many ways similar to

Accepted Answer

A)  people with a genetic mutation. 
B)  the best educated members of the younger generation. 
C)  immigrants to a new culture. 
D)  people with post-traumatic stress. 
A)  people with a genetic mutation. 
B)  the best educated members of the younger generation. 
C)  immigrants to a new culture. 
D)  people with post-traumatic stress.

Question 7

What did Piaget mean by an "operation" (as in "concrete operations")?

Accepted Answer

A)  an organized way of dealing with objects in the world 
B)  applying a schema to a new object 
C)  modifying a schema to fit a new object 
D)  a mental process that can be reversed 
A)  an organized way of dealing with objects in the world 
B)  applying a schema to a new object 
C)  modifying a schema to fit a new object 
D)  a mental process that can be reversed

Question 8

Piaget claimed that both infants and adults show intellectual growth through

Accepted Answer

A)  conservation and object permanence. 
B)  conservation and accommodation. 
C)  conservation and assimilation. 
D)  assimilation and accommodation. 
A)  conservation and object permanence. 
B)  conservation and accommodation. 
C)  conservation and assimilation. 
D)  assimilation and accommodation.

Question 9

Research that seems to show that first born children have higher IQs than later born children

Accepted Answer

A)  has always relied on unreliable measures of intelligence. 
B)  actually shows that average IQ is higher in smaller families than larger families. 
C)  actually shows that average IQ is higher in larger families than smaller families. 
D)  was scored incorrectly-later born children have higher IQs than first born children. 
A)  has always relied on unreliable measures of intelligence. 
B)  actually shows that average IQ is higher in smaller families than larger families. 
C)  actually shows that average IQ is higher in larger families than smaller families. 
D)  was scored incorrectly-later born children have higher IQs than first born children.

Question 10

"Authoritative" parents who set high standards and communicate sympathetically with their children tend to have well-behaved children. What conclusion, if any, can we draw from these data?

Accepted Answer

A)  That style of parenting brings out the best in the children. 
B)  Well-behaved children influence their parents to behave sympathetically. 
C)  Parents and children share genes that promote cooperative, understanding behavior. 
D)  We can draw no cause-and-effect conclusion from these correlational data. 
A)  That style of parenting brings out the best in the children. 
B)  Well-behaved children influence their parents to behave sympathetically. 
C)  Parents and children share genes that promote cooperative, understanding behavior. 
D)  We can draw no cause-and-effect conclusion from these correlational data.

Question 11

Why is it difficult to test the sensory and learning abilities of a newborn?

Accepted Answer

A)  Legal restrictions prevent psychologists from studying children before age 1 year. 
B)  Infants have very limited sensory capacities. 
C)  Infants have very limited control of most muscles. 
D)  The ability to learn does not begin to develop until age 6 months. 
A)  Legal restrictions prevent psychologists from studying children before age 1 year. 
B)  Infants have very limited sensory capacities. 
C)  Infants have very limited control of most muscles. 
D)  The ability to learn does not begin to develop until age 6 months.

Question 12

Two-day-old infants typically would spend the most time looking at a

Accepted Answer

A)  solid red picture. 
B)  solid white picture. 
C)  narrow diagonally striped pattern. 
D)  drawing of a human face. 
A)  solid red picture. 
B)  solid white picture. 
C)  narrow diagonally striped pattern. 
D)  drawing of a human face.

Question 13

Egocentrism, or the tendency to think others must know what we know, is found

Accepted Answer

A)  only in children. 
B)  in both adults and children. 
C)  only under conditions of anonymity. 
D)  only in people with psychological disorders. 
A)  only in children. 
B)  in both adults and children. 
C)  only under conditions of anonymity. 
D)  only in people with psychological disorders.

Question 14

A psychologist might evaluate a child's ability to answer abstract and hypothetical questions to determine whether the child is in the __________ or the __________ stage of cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

A)  concrete-operations...formal-operations 
B)  formal-operations...sensorimotor 
C)  concrete-operations...postoperational 
D)  sensorimotor...preoperational 
A)  concrete-operations...formal-operations 
B)  formal-operations...sensorimotor 
C)  concrete-operations...postoperational 
D)  sensorimotor...preoperational

Question 15

A researcher tests all the students in one college and finds that the first-borns have higher GPAs than later-born children, on the average. One possible explanation is that the results reflect the influence of birth order. The other explanation is that the results depend on differences between

Accepted Answer

A)  motivated students and unmotivated students. 
B)  one-child families and larger families. 
C)  longitudinal studies and cross-sectional studies. 
D)  left-handers and right-handers. 
A)  motivated students and unmotivated students. 
B)  one-child families and larger families. 
C)  longitudinal studies and cross-sectional studies. 
D)  left-handers and right-handers.

Question 16

Why is an X-linked recessive gene more likely to exert effects on males than on females?

Accepted Answer

A)  Females have only one X chromosome. 
B)  Males have only one X chromosome. 
C)  Genes on the X chromosome are sex-limited. 
D)  Males have autosomal genes on their Y chromosome. 
A)  Females have only one X chromosome. 
B)  Males have only one X chromosome. 
C)  Genes on the X chromosome are sex-limited. 
D)  Males have autosomal genes on their Y chromosome.

Question 17

Which is the first of Piaget's stages of cognitive development-the one characteristic of infants?

Accepted Answer

A)  the preoperational stage 
B)  the sensorimotor stage 
C)  the formal-operations stage 
D)  the concrete-operations stage 
A)  the preoperational stage 
B)  the sensorimotor stage 
C)  the formal-operations stage 
D)  the concrete-operations stage

Question 18

A child is shown a small scale model of a full-size room. A tiny toy is hidden behind the miniature couch and the child is told, "A big toy just like this is hidden in the same place in the bigger room. Try to find it." The results of this study are that

Accepted Answer

A)  ability to find the toy develops gradually during the concrete-operations period. 
B)  performance on this task is an excellent measure of the child's language development. 
C)  children age 2 1/2 fail completely, although children age 3 find the toy easily. 
D)  younger children actually find the toy faster than older children. 
A)  ability to find the toy develops gradually during the concrete-operations period. 
B)  performance on this task is an excellent measure of the child's language development. 
C)  children age 2 1/2 fail completely, although children age 3 find the toy easily. 
D)  younger children actually find the toy faster than older children.

Question 19

Psychologists find it is generally easiest to demonstrate behavioral differences between boys and girls if they observe behavior

Accepted Answer

A)  in a social setting. 
B)  for very brief periods of time. 
C)  in a structured situation under close adult supervision. 
D)  of one child at a time. 
A)  in a social setting. 
B)  for very brief periods of time. 
C)  in a structured situation under close adult supervision. 
D)  of one child at a time.

Question 20

What evidence do we have that newborn infants can distinguish between the sounds "ba" and "pa"?

Accepted Answer

A)  They make both sounds in their own babbling. 
B)  Their heart rate increases when they hear "pa" but not when they hear "ba." 
C)  After habituating to "ba," they increase their sucking rate when they hear "pa." 
D)  They turn to the left when they hear "ba," and they turn to the right when they hear "pa." 
A)  They make both sounds in their own babbling. 
B)  Their heart rate increases when they hear "pa" but not when they hear "ba." 
C)  After habituating to "ba," they increase their sucking rate when they hear "pa." 
D)  They turn to the left when they hear "ba," and they turn to the right when they hear "pa."

Exam 5: Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

In contrast to the views based on Piaget's work, the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky argued that educators should consider a child's

Temperament refers to

Children first appear to gain some concept of self in Piaget's __________ stage.

Research on parenting style and children's behavior

Adults who had been initially identified as "inhibited" or "uninhibited" as infants were tested with functional magnetic resonance imaging, a procedure that measures brain activity, while looking at photographs of unfamiliar people. Results of this study showed

One birth cohort of people may differ from another because the older generation is in many ways similar to

What did Piaget mean by an "operation" (as in "concrete operations")?

Piaget claimed that both infants and adults show intellectual growth through

Research that seems to show that first born children have higher IQs than later born children

"Authoritative" parents who set high standards and communicate sympathetically with their children tend to have well-behaved children. What conclusion, if any, can we draw from these data?

Why is it difficult to test the sensory and learning abilities of a newborn?

Two-day-old infants typically would spend the most time looking at a

Egocentrism, or the tendency to think others must know what we know, is found

A psychologist might evaluate a child's ability to answer abstract and hypothetical questions to determine whether the child is in the __________ or the __________ stage of cognitive development.

A researcher tests all the students in one college and finds that the first-borns have higher GPAs than later-born children, on the average. One possible explanation is that the results reflect the influence of birth order. The other explanation is that the results depend on differences between

Why is an X-linked recessive gene more likely to exert effects on males than on females?

Which is the first of Piaget's stages of cognitive development-the one characteristic of infants?

A child is shown a small scale model of a full-size room. A tiny toy is hidden behind the miniature couch and the child is told, "A big toy just like this is hidden in the same place in the bigger room. Try to find it." The results of this study are that

Psychologists find it is generally easiest to demonstrate behavioral differences between boys and girls if they observe behavior

What evidence do we have that newborn infants can distinguish between the sounds "ba" and "pa"?

What Is Psychology

A --What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

A--Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A--Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A--Sensation and Perception

A--Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

Learning

A--Learning

Memory

A--Memory

Cognition and Language

A--Cognition and Language

Intelligence

A--Intelligence

Consciousness

A--Consciousness

Motivated Behaviors

A--Motivated Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

A--Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

Social Psychology

A--Social Psychology

Personality

A--Personality

Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

A--Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

Specific Disorders and Treatments

A--Specific Disorders and Treatments

Exam Extenssion: S 1-16--Final Examination

Filters

A psychologist might evaluate a child's ability to answer abstract and hypothetical questions to determine whether the child is in the or the stage of cognitive development.