Exam 11: A: Understanding Self and Others

Children are more likely to view themselves positively when their parents are affectionate with them.

Self-aware toddlers are more likely to say, "Mine!" while playing with toys than are children who were not yet self-aware.

By five years of age, children use the information in their descriptions of others to predict others' future behaviour.

Adolescents' belief that others are constantly watching their behaviour is called the personal fable.

Self-esteem refers to a person's judgments and feelings about his or her own self-worth.

Children's self-worth depends on being valued regardless of actual competence.

Encouraging contact between children from different groups is sufficient to reduce prejudice.

Adolescents' self-concepts include religious and political beliefs.

Adolescents' belief that their experiences and feelings are unique is called the illusion of vulnerability.

Adolescents are more likely to achieve an ethnic identity when their parents encourage them to explore alternatives rather than pressuring them to adopt a particular identity.

Preschoolers' self-concepts focus on attitudes and personality traits.

Self-esteem becomes less differentiated during adolescence.

The first step in the development of self-concept is the child's awareness that he or she exists independently of others.

In Selman's social-informational stage of perspective-taking, children know that self and others often have different thoughts and feelings, but often confuse the two.

Research supports the idea that adolescence is a time of storm and stress.

According to Marcia, during the achievement status individuals have explored alternatives and have deliberately chosen a specific identity.

In the first phase of achieving an ethnic identity, adolescents begin to explore the personal impact of their ethnic heritage.

During the elementary school years, self-esteem drops as children begin to compare themselves to their peers.